Monsoon-Induced Biases of Climate Models over the Tropical Indian Ocean

Li, Gen; Xie, Shang‐Ping; Du, Yan

doi:10.1175/jcli-d-14-00740.1

Cited by 95 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 83 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…1). The modeled spatial pattern of the IOD mode (east-west dipole pattern) associated with maximum SSTA signal along the Java/Sumatra coast is comparable with observations, but the intensity of the IOD in most models is stronger than in the observations due to the climate background wind biases (Li et al 2015). The east pole of the IOD in GFDL-ESM2G and GISS-E2-R is located south of 108S instead of in the equatorial eastern IO region, indicating biases in simulating the upwelling in these models.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 54%

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Three Types of Indian Ocean Dipoles

et al. 2015

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Using observational data and phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) model outputs [the preindustrial (PI) control run of the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4) and historical simulations of 17 CMIP5 models], Indian Ocean dipoles (IODs) with a peak in fall are categorized into three types. The first type is closely related to the development phase of El Niño/La Niña. The second type evolves from the basinwide warming (cooling) in the tropical Indian Ocean (IO), usually occurring in the year following El Niño (La Niña). The third type is independent of El Niño and La Niña. The dominant trigger condition for the first (third) type of IOD is the anomalous Walker circulation (anomalous cross-equatorial flow); the anomalous zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient in the tropical IO is the trigger condition for the second type. The occurrence of anomalous ocean Rossby waves during the forming stage of IO basinwide mode and their effect on SST in the southwestern IO during winter and spring are critical for early development of the second type of IOD. Although most models simulate a stronger El Niño-Southern Oscillation and IOD compared to the observations, this does not influence the phase-locking and classification of the IOD peaking in the fall.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 54%

“…3). Detailed evaluations of ENSO and the IOD in CMIP5 models are available in previous studies (e.g., Guilyardi et al 2012;Kim and Yu 2012;Cai and Cowan 2013;Cai et al 2013;Zheng et al 2013;Liu et al 2013;Du et al 2013b;Taschetto et al 2014;Rao and Ren 2014;Bellenger et al 2014;Liu et al 2014;Li et al 2015).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three Types of Indian Ocean Dipoles

et al. 2015

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“…The thermocline ridge is too deep due to a downwelling Ekman pumping bias related to too weak westerly winds in the equatorial IO (Li et al, 2015a). The equatorial wind biases can be further traced back to biases in simulating the southwest summer monsoon (Li et al, 2015b), illustrating the importance of IO-monsoon interaction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indo-western Pacific ocean capacitor and coherent climate anomalies in post-ENSO summer: A review

et al. 2016

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ENSO induces coherent climate anomalies over the Indo-western Pacific, but these anomalies outlast SST anomalies of the equatorial Pacific by a season, with major effects on the Asian summer monsoon. This review provides historical accounts of major milestones and synthesizes recent advances in the endeavor to understand summer variability over the Indo-Northwest Pacific region. Specifically, a large-scale anomalous anticyclone (AAC) is a recurrent pattern in post-El Niño summers, spanning the tropical Northwest Pacific and North Indian oceans. Regarding the ocean memory that anchors the summer AAC, competing hypotheses emphasize either SST cooling in the easterly trade wind regime of the Northwest Pacific or SST warming in the westerly monsoon regime of the North Indian Ocean. Our synthesis reveals a coupled oceanatmosphere mode that builds on both mechanisms in a two-stage evolution. In spring, when the northeast trades prevail, the AAC and Northwest Pacific cooling are coupled via wind-evaporation-SST feedback. The Northwest Pacific cooling persists to trigger a summer feedback that arises from the interaction of the AAC and North Indian Ocean warming, enabled by the westerly monsoon wind regime. This Indo-western Pacific ocean capacitor (IPOC) effect explains why El Niño stages its last act over the monsoonal Indo-Northwest Pacific and casts the Indian Ocean warming and AAC in leading roles. The IPOC displays interdecadal modulations by the ENSO variance cycle, significantly correlated with ENSO at the turn of the 20th century and after the 1970s, but not in between. Outstanding issues, including future climate projections, are also discussed.

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“…Most of the current coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) suffer from large simulation errors Xie 2012, 2014), for example, a strong easterly wind bias along the equatorial IO (Cai and Cowan 2013;Lee et al 2013;Li et al 2015) accompanied by physically consistent biases in SST and precipitation during SON, in patterns similar to a positive IO dipole (IOD) (Saji et al 1999;Webster et al 1999) event in nature (Fig. S2 in the supplementary material).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Model Errors over the South Indian Ocean Thermocline Dome and Their Effect on the Basin Mode of Interannual Variability

Xie

2015

Journal of Climate

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An open-ocean thermocline dome south of the equator is a striking feature of the Indian Ocean (IO) as a result of equatorial westerly winds. Over the thermocline dome, the El Niño-forced Rossby waves help sustain the IO basin (IOB) mode and offer climate predictability for the IO and surrounding countries. This study shows that a common equatorial easterly wind bias, by forcing a westward-propagating downwelling Rossby wave in the southern IO, induces too deep a thermocline dome over the southwestern IO (SWIO) in state-of-the-art climate models. Such a deep SWIO thermocline weakens the influence of subsurface variability on sea surface temperature (SST), reducing the IOB amplitude and possibly limiting the models' skill of regional climate prediction. To the extent that the equatorial easterly wind bias originates from errors of the South Asian summer monsoon, improving the monsoon simulation can lead to substantial improvements in simulating and predicting interannual variability in the IO.

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Monsoon-Induced Biases of Climate Models over the Tropical Indian Ocean

Cited by 95 publications

References 83 publications

Three Types of Indian Ocean Dipoles

Three Types of Indian Ocean Dipoles

Indo-western Pacific ocean capacitor and coherent climate anomalies in post-ENSO summer: A review

Climate Model Errors over the South Indian Ocean Thermocline Dome and Their Effect on the Basin Mode of Interannual Variability

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