The complex
trans-[Ir(CO)Cl(Ph2PPy)2]
(1; Ph2PPy =
2-(diphenylphosphino)pyridine) was
obtained in good yield from the reaction of
[Ir(p-toluidine)(CO)2Cl] with
Ph2PPy. It has a
square-planar geometry, as does the analogous Vaska complex, with two
monodentate Ph2PPy
ligands P-bonded to the iridium(I) center. Compound
1 exhibits a reactivity reminiscent of
Vaska's complex; in fact, it adds SO2, halogens, HCl, and
CH3I. The addition of HCl to 1
initially occurs at the pyridine nitrogen atoms of the pendant
Ph2PPy and subsequently at
the iridium(I) center, affording
[Ir(CO)H(Cl)2(Ph2PPyH)2][Cl]2
(6). The addition of a benzene
solution of [Pd(PhCN)2Cl2] to a solution
of 1 in the same solvent yielded, nearly
quantitatively,
the IrIIPdI complex
[IrPd(CO)Cl3(μ-Ph2PPy)2]
(8). The reaction of 1 with
HgCl2, in benzene,
in a 1:1 molar ratio afforded the binuclear complex
[Ir(CO)Cl2(μ-Ph2PPy)2HgCl]
(9). Using
a 1:2 molar ratio the product
[Ir(CO)Cl2(HgCl2)(μ-Ph2PPy)2HgCl]·2CH2Cl2
(10) was obtained.
Compounds 8 and 10 were also characterized
by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
The reaction of 1 with
[Cu(NCCH3)4]BF4
afforded, almost quantitatively, the ionic compound
[Ir(CO)Cl(μ-Ph2PPy)2Cu]BF4
(11) as an orange solid. The compound
[Ir(CO)Cl(μ-Ph2PPy)2Tl]PF6 (12) obtained from the reaction of
1 with TlPF6, shows the Ir−Tl bonding and
is
luminescent in frozen CH2Cl2 solution at
77 K with a lifetime of 5 ns (±10%). As opposed
to analogous compounds, in the bimetallic complexes
8−12 the bridging Ph2PPy
ligands
assume a head-to-head structure. The aim of the work was to obtain
some insight into the
beneficial effect of catalytic precursors containing the pendant
Ph2PPy ligand in the
hydroformylation catalytic cycle. Using complex 1 as a
precatalyst in the hydroformylation
of styrene, at 80 °C and under 80 atm of CO/H2 (1:1)
pressure, the rate of the catalytic
process increases significantly with respect to that observed with
Vaska's complex, making
clear a favorable effect of the pendant Ph2PPy ligand.
However, the chemoselectivity of the
process was low. A scheme of the catalytic cycle is proposed.
The new aspects of the catalytic
cycle are: (i) the protonation under equilibrium conditions of one of
the two pyridine nitrogen
atoms of the pendant Ph2PPy ligands in the reductive
elimination of HCl from the dihydride−iridium(III) species formed by oxidative addition of H2
to 1 and (ii) protonolysis, by the proton
coordinated to the pyridine nitrogen atom, of the acyl or σ-alkyl
groups present in the
intermediates formed in the reaction pathway. Unexpectedly,
11 and 12 exhibit catalytic
activity comparable with that of 1. This occurs because
under the experimental conditions
used the Cu−N or Tl−N bonds are broken, giving 1.