Monomorphic Trypanozoon: towards reconciling phylogeny and pathologies

Oldrieve, Guy; Verney, Mylène; Jaroň, Kamil S.; Hébert, Laurent; Matthews, Keith R.

doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000632

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…In fact, these parasites are so close that even molecular biology techniques barely differentiate them. At the present time, these two species tend to be considered as subspecies of T. brucei ; T. brucei evansi and T. brucei equiperdum have polyphyletic origins, as shown by genomic studies [ 18 , 19 , 126 ]. In the Americas, TCZ1 and TCZ2 primers for detecting T. cruzi should also be used in addition to primers TBR and TVW [ 127 ].…”

Section: Review and Characterization Of Available Diagnosis Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, for T. evansi, the ELISA using RoTat 1.2 VSG might be too specific to be able to detect all variants of the taxon, since T. evansi type B does not express this gene [ 185 ], while it is absent in some other isolates [ 142 ]. Surprisingly, a new isolate of T. equiperdum was also recently classified as a type B [ 126 ]. The reliance on RoTat 1.2 VSG as the basis for diagnosis thus undoubtedly means that non-RoTat 1.2 T. evansi will not be detected [ 119 , 143 ].…”

Section: Review and Characterization Of Available Diagnosis Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review on the diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses

et al. 2022

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This review focuses on the most reliable and up-to-date methods for diagnosing trypanosomoses, a group of diseases of wild and domestic mammals, caused by trypanosomes, parasitic zooflagellate protozoans mainly transmitted by insects. In Africa, the Americas and Asia, these diseases, which in some cases affect humans, result in significant illness in animals and cause major economic losses in livestock. A number of pathogens are described in this review, including several Salivarian trypanosomes, such as Trypanosoma brucei sspp. (among which are the agents of sleeping sickness, the human African trypanosomiasis [HAT]), Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax (causing “Nagana” or animal African trypanosomosis [AAT]), Trypanosoma evansi (“Surra”) and Trypanosoma equiperdum (“Dourine”), and Trypanosoma cruzi, a Stercorarian trypanosome, etiological agent of the American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Diagnostic methods for detecting zoonotic trypanosomes causing Chagas disease and HAT in animals, as well as a diagnostic method for detecting animal trypanosomes in humans (the so-called “atypical human infections by animal trypanosomes” [a-HT]), including T. evansi and Trypanosoma lewisi (a rat parasite), are also reviewed. Our goal is to present an integrated view of the various diagnostic methods and techniques, including those for: (i) parasite detection; (ii) DNA detection; and (iii) antibody detection. The discussion covers various other factors that need to be considered, such as the sensitivity and specificity of the various diagnostic methods, critical cross-reactions that may be expected among Trypanosomatidae, additional complementary information, such as clinical observations and epizootiological context, scale of study and logistic and cost constraints. The suitability of examining multiple specimens and samples using several techniques is discussed, as well as risks to technicians, in the context of specific geographical regions and settings. This overview also addresses the challenge of diagnosing mixed infections with different Trypanosoma species and/or kinetoplastid parasites. Improving and strengthening procedures for diagnosing animal trypanosomoses throughout the world will result in a better control of infections and will significantly impact on “One Health,” by advancing and preserving animal, human and environmental health. Graphical Abstract

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Section: Review and Characterization Of Available Diagnosis Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Review and Characterization Of Available Diagnosis Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on the diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses

et al. 2022

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“…Effective and user-friendly tests able to distinguish between all parasites of the subgenus Trypanozoon at the species or subspecies level [ 66 ] either have not yet been developed or lack sensitivity. For example, tests to distinguish T. evansi (type A, type B, etc.)…”

Section: Individual Status Inferred From Current Diagnostic Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, other parasites with clonal proliferation, such as, for example, T. equiperdum type OVI and type BoTat, or T. evansi type B [ 66 ], probably also have a predominant VAT. Therefore, attempts to develop POCD, such as CATT for T. vivax (in Latin America) and CATT for T. equiperdum , or even CATT for T. brucei subspecies, could be developed, although highly predominant VATs might not be expressed in all Trypanosoma spp.…”

Section: Future Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses: proper use of current tools and future prospects

et al. 2022

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Reliable diagnostic tools are needed to choose the appropriate treatment and proper control measures for animal trypanosomoses, some of which are pathogenic. Trypanosoma cruzi, for example, is responsible for Chagas disease in Latin America. Similarly, pathogenic animal trypanosomoses of African origin (ATAO), including a variety of Trypanosoma species and subspecies, are currently found in Africa, Latin America and Asia. ATAO limit global livestock productivity and impact food security and the welfare of domestic animals. This review focusses on implementing previously reviewed diagnostic methods, in a complex epizootiological scenario, by critically assessing diagnostic results at the individual or herd level. In most cases, a single diagnostic method applied at a given time does not unequivocally identify the various parasitological and disease statuses of a host. These include “non-infected”, “asymptomatic carrier”, “sick infected”, “cured/not cured” and/or “multi-infected”. The diversity of hosts affected by these animal trypanosomoses and their vectors (or other routes of transmission) is such that integrative, diachronic approaches are needed that combine: (i) parasite detection, (ii) DNA, RNA or antigen detection and (iii) antibody detection, along with epizootiological information. The specificity of antibody detection tests is restricted to the genus or subgenus due to cross-reactivity with other Trypanosoma spp. and Trypanosomatidae, but sensitivity is high. The DNA-based methods implemented over the last three decades have yielded higher specificity and sensitivity for active infection detection in hosts and vectors. However, no single diagnostic method can detect all active infections and/or trypanosome species or subspecies. The proposed integrative approach will improve the prevention, surveillance and monitoring of animal trypanosomoses with the available diagnostic tools. However, further developments are required to address specific gaps in diagnostic methods and the sustainable control or elimination of these diseases. Graphical Abstract

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“…Recent outbreaks in non-endemic countries show the major significance to the international horse trade of preventing the spread of these diseases 10 , 11 . Owing to their closely-related genetic and polyphyletic origins, at least four clades of monomorphic Trypanozoon have been identified: T. equiperdum type OVI, T. equiperdum type BoTat, T. evansi type A, and T. evansi type B 12 , 13 . Several diagnostic tools are recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) to detect infection by Trypanozoon , however serological methods generally suffer from a lack of specificity due to the use of crude antigens from trypanosomes, which may lead to cross-reactivity 14 , 15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a microsphere-based immunoassay for the serological diagnosis of equine trypanosomosis

Verney

Gautron

Lemans

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Trypanozoon infections in equids are caused by three parasite species in the Trypanozoon subgenus: Trypanosoma equiperdum, T. brucei and T. evansi. They are respectively responsible for infectious diseases dourine, nagana and surra. Due to the threat that Trypanozoon infection represents for international horse trading, accurate diagnostic tests are crucial. Current tests suffer from poor sensitivity and specificity, due in the first case to the transient presence of parasites in the blood and in the second, to antigenic cross-reactivity among Trypanozoon subspecies. This study was designed to develop a microsphere‐based immunoassay for diagnosing equine trypanosomosis. We tested beads coated with eight Trypanosoma spp. recombinant antigens: enolase, GM6, PFR1, PFR2, ISG65, VSGat, RoTat1.2 and JN2118HU. Of these, GM6 was identified as the best candidate for the serological diagnosis of Trypanozoon infections in equids. Using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis on 349 equine sera, anti-GM6 antibodies were detected with an AUC value of 0.994 offering a sensitivity of 97.9% and a specificity of 96.0%. Our findings show that the GM6 antigen is a good target for diagnosing equine trypanosomosis using a microsphere‐based immunoassay. This promising assay could be a useful alternative to the official diagnostic tool for equine trypanosomosis.

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Monomorphic Trypanozoon: towards reconciling phylogeny and pathologies

Cited by 12 publications

References 53 publications

A review on the diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses

A review on the diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses

Diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses: proper use of current tools and future prospects

Development of a microsphere-based immunoassay for the serological diagnosis of equine trypanosomosis

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