Monomer Leakage from Polymerizing Acrylic Bone Cement An In Vitro Study on the Influence of Speed and Duration of Mixing, Cement Volume and Surface Area

Loosening of the cemented hip prosthesis

“…Methyl methacrylate monomer is toxic (85,86), but the local effect on bone of the leaking monomer is considered to be insignificant (87,95). In addition, the monomer leakage is proportional to the surface area of the cement, but is independent of its thickness (147).…”

Perioperative mortality in hip fracture patients treated with cemented and uncemented hemiprosthesis: a register study of 11,210 patients

“…Several laboratory and human studies have shown neurodepressive, vasoactive, cytotoxic and procoagulant activities directly or indirectly caused by methyl methacrylate (MMA) [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Thus, a multitude of pathological reactions have triggered cardiorespiratory and vascular instability that occasionally lead to a fatal outcome in patients with poor reserve capacity.…”

Osteonecrosis with the use of polymethylmethacrylate cement for hip replacement: thermal-induced damage evidenced in vivo by decreased osteocyte viability

“…Unfortunately, these attempts were unsuccessful in vivo with unacceptably high early revision rates (AbdelKader et al, 2001). The dispersal of monomer relates to the surface area to which it is exposed (Linder et al, 1976) and this was standardised so the difference in osteocyte viability between the groups cannot be explained by this phenomenon. In addition, monomer toxicity compared to surgical and thermal trauma is minimal (Linder, 1977).…”

“…The dispersal of monomer relates to the surface area to which it is exposed (Linder et al, 1976) and this was standardised so the difference in osteocyte viability between the groups cannot be explained by this phenomenon. In addition, monomer toxicity compared to surgical and thermal trauma is minimal (Linder, 1977). The amount of monomer released by different brands of cement varies up to fourfold (Santin et al, 2004) and this was standardised by using a single brand and type in this study.…”

“…Previous investigations of the effect of curing heat on cemented joints either address the femoral side only (Toksvig-Larsen et al, 1991), rely on laboratory models (DiPisa et al, 1976;Sih et al, 1980;Leeson and Lippitt, 1993;Revie et al, 1994) or utilise animal models or models based on animal experiment data (Moritz and Henriques, 1947;Slooff, 1971;Lundskog, 1972;Linder, 1977;Eriksson and Albrektsson, 1983;Berman et al, 1984;Eriksson et al, 1984;Santin et al, 2004;Quarini et al, 2006). The effect on bone viability, as indicated by living osteocytes, of curing PMMA cement in the aged human population undergoing cemented total hip replacement has not been investigated.…”