Monofunctional benzoxazine from cardanol for bio-composite applications

Rao, B.S.; Palanisamy, Aruna

doi:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2010.11.025

Cited by 145 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(24 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Interesting results have been obtained with phenolic components derived from cashew nut shell liquid industry (CNSL) [28][29][30][31] and commercial hardeners such as phenalkamines have been developed and are widely used at industrial level in the coatings' industry. [32,33] Other cardanol-based epoxy and novolacs resins are commercially available as either base resins or hardeners.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of eco‐friendly epoxy resins from renewable resources as potential substitutes of petrochemical epoxy resins for ambient cured composites with flax reinforcements

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the last years, some high renewable content epoxy resins, derived from vegetable oils, have been developed at industrial level and are now commercially available; these can compete with petroleum-based resins as thermoset matrices for composite materials. Nevertheless, due to the relatively high cost in comparison to petroleum-based resins, their use is still restricted to applications with relatively low volume consumption such as model making, tuning components, nautical parts, special effects, outdoor sculptures, etc. in which, the use of composite laminates with carbon, aramid and, mainly, glass fibers is generalized by using hand layup and vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) techniques due to low manufacturing costs and easy implementation. In this work, we study the behavior of two high renewable content epoxy resins derived from vegetable oils as potential substitutes of petroleum-based epoxies in composite laminates with flax reinforcements by using the VARTM technique. The curing behavior of the different epoxy resins is compared in terms of the gel point and exothermicity profile by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In addition, overall performance of flax-epoxy composites is compared with standardized mechanical (tensile, flexural and impact) and thermal (Vicat softening temperature, heat deflection temperature, thermo-mechanical analysis) tests. The curing DSC profiles of the two eco-friendly epoxy resins are similar to a conventional epoxy resin. They can be easily handled and processed by conventional VARTM process thus leading to composite laminates with flax with balanced mechanical and thermal properties, similar or even higher to a multipurpose epoxy resin.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of eco‐friendly epoxy resins from renewable resources as potential substitutes of petrochemical epoxy resins for ambient cured composites with flax reinforcements

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…According to Tyman et al cardanol that has unsaturated triene bonds is easily polymerized, while the unsaturated binding of monoene and diene are more stable [7]. The content of unsaturated triene of the cardanol in this study was 47 % and higher than that of the cardanol used in other works which is always below 39 % [8,9], indicating that the carbon chains in this cardanol are readily available for polymerization/oligomerization by thermal.…”

Section: Structural Characterization Of Cardanol Based Benzoxazinementioning

confidence: 41%

“…It can be seen that decrease in ∆H values of this process was not significant because the oligomerization was slow [11]. Interestingly, this phenomenon was not observed from other reports [8,9]. It is well known that the opening of oxazine ring occurred at very high temperature ( 200 °C), thus the peak observed at 273 °C is attributed to the polymerization temperature of the cardanol based benzoxazine.…”

Section: Structural Characterization Of Cardanol Based Benzoxazinementioning

confidence: 66%

Synthesis and Characterization of Monofunctional Benzoxazine From Cardanol

Viet¹

2018

JST

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A novel thermoplastic polybenzoxazine was synthesized based on agrochemical renewable cardanol-a by-product of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). A solventless synthesis of monofunctional benzoxazine monomer based on cardanol, aniline and paraformaldehyde was carried out. The liquid benzoxazine monomer was characterized by 1 HNMR and FTIR spectroscopy. Curing characteristics at different temperatures were studied and monitored by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The appearance of two exothermic peaks associated with reaction of double bonds of the aliphatic side-chain and ring opening polymerization of benzoxazine. High thermal stability of the polymer sample was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

show abstract

“…Accordingly, there has been a massive work on new monomers to improve thermal and mechanical performance of polybenzoxazines and also develop new application fields by taking advantage of design flexibility of benzoxazine monomers coming from simple preparation by using inexpensive and commercially available phenols, primary amines, and formaldehyde [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] (see Scheme 2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%