A soluble form of the mannose receptor (sMR) has been found in conditioned medium of primary macrophages in vitro and in mouse serum. sMR was released as a single species, had a smaller size than the cellassociated form, and accumulated in macrophage-conditioned medium, in a cytokine-regulated manner, to levels comparable with those found for cell-associated mannose receptor. Pulse-chase experiments showed that sMR production in culture occurred by constitutive cleavage of pre-existing full-length protein. A binding assay was developed to determine the sugar specificity of sMR and its ability to interact with pathogens and particulate antigens (i.e. Candida albicans and zymosan). Protease inhibitor studies suggested that sMR was produced by cleavage of an intact mannose receptor by a matrix metalloprotease or ADAM metalloprotease. A role for sMR in the immune response is proposed based on its binding properties, regulation by cytokines, and the previous discovery of putative ligands for the cysteine-rich domain of the mannose receptor in lymph nodes and spleen.
The mannose receptor (MR)1 is a type I integral membrane glycoprotein expressed on many macrophage (MØ) subtypes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, and hepatic endothelium (1-4). MR is the founding member of a family of molecules sharing the same basic domain structure: an NH 2 -terminal cysteinerich domain; a fibronectin type II domain; and a variable number of C-type lectin carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), eight in the case of MR, followed by a transmembrane domain and a COOH-terminal intracellular domain (5-7). The other members of the family are: (i) the phospholipase A 2 receptor, which contains eight CRDs and is widely distributed (8 -10); (ii) the receptor DEC-205, which contains 10 CRDs and is expressed mostly by dendritic cells in T-cell areas of secondary lymphoid organs and by thymic and intestinal epithelia (11-13); and (iii) a recently described molecule found by its homology to the C-type lectin domain of E-selectin (14).Mannosylated molecules and particles can be endocytosed and phagocytosed through their interaction with the MR (3, 4, 15-19). The domains likely to be involved in this process are the CRDs and the transmembrane and the COOH-terminal intracellular domains. Neither the cysteine-rich domain nor the fibronectin type II domain seems to be required (18,20). MR synthesis and function are regulated by MØ maturation, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (3), and cytokines; inhibited by interferon (IFN)-␥ (6); and up-regulated by 22).Using as a probe a chimeric protein containing the cysteinerich domain of the MR fused to the Fc region of human IgG1 (CR-Fc), we found putative ligand(s) for this domain of the MR in marginal zone metallophilic and subcapsular sinus MØ in naive mice and in the germinal centers of immunized mice. CR-Fc ϩ cells with dendritic morphology migrated toward the follicular areas and paracortex of lymph nodes during a secondary immune response (23). We hypothesized a role for a soluble form of the MR in the transport...