Monocline development by oblique-slip fault-propagation folding: the East Kaibab monocline, Colorado Plateau, Utah

Tindall, Sarah E.; Davis, George H.

doi:10.1016/s0191-8141(99)00089-9

Cited by 65 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Under these circumstances the unusual variety of uplift orientations is commonly explained as an inherited fabric that resulted when Proterozoic normal faults of widely differing orientations were reactivated and inverted during Laramide compression [e.g., Davis, 1978;Marshak et al, 2000]. In support of this hypothesis, Tindall and Davis [1999] interpreted minor fault systems in the East Kaibab monocline as forming in response to right-lateral oblique slip on a basement fault driven by northeastsouthwest compression. In contrast with the East Kaibab monocline, however, the architecture of fracture systems and paleostresses in the San Rafael monocline cannot be explained by such an oblique-slip mechanism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Determining this compatibility is particularly important for Plateau structures trending north or northeast, because significant uplift of these structures is difficult to create with nearly fault-parallel Laramide convergence. Instead, northeast-southwest compressive stresses on these structures should have resulted in substantial strike-slip motion on the underlying faults, and left a mesoscopic deformation pattern that is distinctly different from that associated with a dominantly dip-slip structure [e.g., Tindall and Davis, 1999].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The approach follows that of previous workers who have examined fracture system architecture or regional stresses in basement uplifts in the Colorado Plateau and elsewhere [e.g., Hodgson, 1961;Wise, 1963;Reches, 1978;Paylor et al, 1989;Ameen, 1990;Grout and Verbeek, 1992;Wise and Obi, 1992;Evans et al, 1993;Engelder et al, 1997;Gregson and Erslev, 1997;Mollema and Aydin, 1997;Davis, 1999;Tindall and Davis, 1999].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights into the growth of basement uplifts deduced from a study of fracture systems in the San Rafael monocline, east central Utah

Fischer

Christensen²

2004

Tectonics

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We examined networks of joints, small faults, and minor cleavage exposed in the lower parts of the Jurassic Carmel Formation along the San Rafael monocline in east central Utah. By collecting data from the same 3 m stratigraphic interval we effectively guaranteed that variations in the architecture of fracture systems that we examined were not caused by influences that could be attributed to stratigraphic variables like lithology or environmental variables such as burial depth. We consequently interpret that the spatial variability of fracture system architecture we observe was due to local variations in fold kinematics or mechanics. Steeply dipping portions of the monocline contain suborthogonal sets of dominant strike‐normal and strike‐parallel joints. Shallowly dipping portions of the monocline contain multiple joint sets with no single dominant set and evidence for shear reactivation of joints. Sets of small offset conjugate faults are present throughout the monocline and are used to determine the orientation of paleostresses that caused them. This stress inversion yields a thrust faulting configuration with maximum compression bearing between 285° and 312°. There is a systematic 27° clockwise rotation of these stress directions from north to south along the monocline. We interpret the spatial variability in fracture systems in the monocline as a consequence of local cylindrical or noncylindrical folding associated with three‐dimensional flexure of the sedimentary cover during dominantly dip‐slip motion on the underlying basement fault. This interpretation suggests that the monocline did not grow laterally but evolved with fixed tips in response to a northwest‐southeast compression that is kinematically incompatible with accepted Laramide convergence directions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights into the growth of basement uplifts deduced from a study of fracture systems in the San Rafael monocline, east central Utah

Fischer

Christensen²

2004

Tectonics

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“…[27] Given that both field sites are in thrust faulting environments [Tindall and Davis, 1999;Sternlof et al, 2005], the stress state in Aztec or Navajo Sandstone is given by the Coulomb criterion written by using remote principal effective stresses [Jaeger and Cook, 1979, p. 97;Price and Cosgrove, 1990, p. 26] …”

Section: Paleodepths For Band Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling and paleodepth of compaction bands, Nevada and Utah

Schultz

2009

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] Measurements of the lengths and thicknesses of compaction bands in Navajo Sandstone from the Buckskin Gulch, Utah, field site demonstrate displacement-length scaling with a power law exponent of $0.5, consistent with previous values obtained independently for compaction bands from the Valley of Fire, southern Nevada, site. Compaction energies calculated in this paper for the Utah bands, G c = 55-120 kJ/m 2 , and for the Nevada bands, G c = 30-60 kJ/m 2 , are consistent with those estimated from laboratory experiments despite major differences in band length, thickness, degree of grain fracturing, and remote stress state. Using the field measurements of bands from both sites in the recently proposed inverse relation between the magnitude of remote bandnormal compression and compaction band thickness predicts values of band-normal compression of 24-30 MPa for the Utah bands and 31-62 MPa for the Nevada bands. Given that compaction bands at both sites are steeply dipping, these values correspond to a regional tectonic compression oriented subhorizontally at the time of band growth. The results suggest that the compaction bands formed at relatively shallow paleodepths of 0.92-1.3 km at the Utah site and 0.54-1.1 km at the Nevada site, in accord with estimates of the thickness of overlying stratigraphic cover during Sevier-Laramide deformation at both sites. Growth of compaction bands at both field sites was likely facilitated by favorable host rock properties (well-sorted, coarse-grained, high-porosity sandstone sequences) deformed within a thrust faulting tectonic environment.

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“…The presence of Laramide structures in the region and outcropscale thrusts in the western Grand Canyon, as well as the coincidence of Laramide drainages with present-day normal faults is presented as evidence that the monoclines of the western canyon are Laramide in age and related to crustal shortening (see Young, 2001, and references therein). Although there have been detailed studies of the Kaibab monocline in the eastern Grand Canyon (Cooke et al, 2000;Reches, 1978;Tindall and Davis, 1999), a fold that is clearly associated with a basement reverse fault, there have been no published detailed structural studies of the monoclines in the western Grand Canyon. Stewart and Taylor (1996) noted that there are likely both Laramide and extension-related folds in the region and that to some degree each fault and fold relationship should be considered separately.…”

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confidence: 99%

Deformation associated with a continental normal fault system, western Grand Canyon, Arizona

Resor

2008

Geological Society of America Bulletin

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Reverse-drag folds are often used to infer subsurface fault geometry in extended terrains, yet details of how these folds form in association with slip on normal fault systems are poorly understood. Detailed structural mapping and global positioning system (GPS) surveying of the Frog Fault and Lone Mountain Monocline in the western Grand Canyon demonstrate a systematic relationship between elements of the normal fault system and fold geometry. The Lone Mountain Monocline, which parallels the Frog Fault, is made up of two half-monoclinal fl exures: a hanging-wall fold in which dips gradually increase toward the fault over ~1.5 km reaching a maximum dip of 25° and a footwall fold in which dips decrease away from the fault over ~0.5 km from a maximum of 12°. The highest dips associated with folding are found where throw on the Frog Fault and a synthetic fault are at a maximum. Lower dips are found where there is less throw on the Frog Fault and antithetic faults are present. This relationship between fault and fold geometry suggests that the folding is associated with Basin and Range extension rather than Laramide contraction. Mechanical models of normal faultrelated deformation predict similar patterns of folding over planar faults of fi nite extent and corroborate the important role of subsidiary fault geometry in the overall pattern of deformation. Application of these models in an inverse sense yields ~1 km estimates of down-dip extent, a result that may indicate fault confi nement within the sedimentary section or weakening effects associated with folding layered strata. A general analysis illustrates that reverse-drag folds of moderate dip are expected to form in association with slip on planar faults of fi nite extent-a result that has the potential to impact our estimates of hydrocarbon volumes, crustal extension, and earthquake hazards associated with continental normal faults.

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Monocline development by oblique-slip fault-propagation folding: the East Kaibab monocline, Colorado Plateau, Utah

Cited by 65 publications

References 9 publications

Insights into the growth of basement uplifts deduced from a study of fracture systems in the San Rafael monocline, east central Utah

Insights into the growth of basement uplifts deduced from a study of fracture systems in the San Rafael monocline, east central Utah

Scaling and paleodepth of compaction bands, Nevada and Utah

Deformation associated with a continental normal fault system, western Grand Canyon, Arizona

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