Monochamus Saltuarius Endangers Pinus tabuliformis Carr. and Carries Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) in China

Abstract

The pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) can cause fatal damage to trees and is transmitted by the vector species of the Monochamus genus. In December 2017, pinewood nematodes were found to be harming a large plot of pine trees, Pinus tabuliformis, in a new region with an average annual temperature of 6.7 °C in China. However, the vector insects were unknown and urgently needed to be identified. Hence, in April 2018, we collected wood sections of P. tabuliformis trees that had died from pine wilt disease. All 127 longhorn beetles that emerged from the P. tabuliformis samples were identified as Monochamus saltuarius, and the nematodes they carried were fourth-stage dispersal juveniles of the pinewood nematode. The carrier rate of pinewood nematodes in the M. saltuarius population was 58.3%, and the average carrying capacity was 642.4 ± 89.3. In the same P. tabuliformis plot, 742 M. saltuarius beetles were collected from hormone traps. Our results revealed that M. saltuarius can damage P. tabuliformis and is a new vector species of the pinewood nematode in China. These findings can inform the prevention and control of pinewood nematode damage to pine forests.

Species‐specific primers for rapid detection of Monochamus saltuarius, an effective vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in China

“…But then, the nematode has continuously adapted to low temperatures and has gradually expanded northward from tropical, subtropical, and south central warm‐temperate up to mid‐temperate climatic zone over recent years. As previously reported, M. saltuarius became the insect vector of B. xylophilus in Northeast China (Ge et al., 2021; Hou et al., 2021; Li et al., 2020; Pan, Li, et al., 2020). Though both the flight capacity (Zhang et al., 2007) and the number of nematodes carriage (Kobayashi et al., 1984; Pan, Li, et al., 2020; Zhan et al., 2014) were relatively weaker for M. saltuarius than M .…”

“…As previously reported, M. saltuarius became the insect vector of B. xylophilus in Northeast China (Ge et al., 2021; Hou et al., 2021; Li et al., 2020; Pan, Li, et al., 2020). Though both the flight capacity (Zhang et al., 2007) and the number of nematodes carriage (Kobayashi et al., 1984; Pan, Li, et al., 2020; Zhan et al., 2014) were relatively weaker for M. saltuarius than M . alternatus , M. saltuarius represented the main dispersal vector endemic to the mid‐temperate zone of China which has small or no M .…”

“…Until 2017, M. saltuarius was found in an affected P . tabuliformis forest in Fengcheng, Liaoning Province (Pan et al., 2020). After a series of prospective studies, M. saltuarius was established as the main insect vector of B. xylophilus in the mid‐temperate zone of China where there was no distribution of M .…”

“…After a series of prospective studies, M. saltuarius was established as the main insect vector of B. xylophilus in the mid‐temperate zone of China where there was no distribution of M . alternatus (Ge et al., 2021; Hou et al., 2021; Li et al., 2020; Pan, Li, et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2021; Zheng et al., 2021). M. saltuarius is ubiquitous in pine forests in Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and other places in middle and cold temperate zone of China.…”

Diel Rhythmicity of Field Responses to Synthetic Pheromone Lures in the Pine Sawyer Monochamus saltuarius

“…In 2017, thousands of Korean pines that had died due to PWD were reported in northeastern China, and it was revealed that PWD was caused by PWN, which was vectored by M. saltuarius in northeast China [ 8 ]. M. saltuarius emerged from P. tabuliformis carried pine wood nematode and its carrier rate reached 58.3%, and the average carrying capacity of M. saltuarius of pine wood nematodes was 642.4 [ 9 ].…”