Mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol composition of dinoflagellates. VIII. Temperature effects and a perspective on the curious case of<i>Karenia mikimotoi</i>as a producer of the unusual, ‘green algal’ fatty acid hexadecatetraenoic acid [16:4(n-3)]

Leblond, Jeffrey D.; McDaniel, Spencer L.; Lowrie, Shelby D.; Khadka, Manoj; Dahmen, Jeremy L.

doi:10.1080/09670262.2018.1519602

Cited by 13 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…In particular, C18-PUFA from plastidic lipids are highly remodeled in response to abiotic stresses; in the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, ALA and SDA synthesis is triggered by chilling while in several species from the Chromista kingdom OPA is either increased or redistributed within molecular species (Tasaka et al, 1996;Kotajima et al, 2014;Leblond et al, 2019). As plants, green microalgae display a high amount of -linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 Δ9,12,15 ) and further the peculiar FA, 16:4 Δ4,7,10,13 which is typical of the Chlorophyta phylum (Lang et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plastidic Δ6 Fatty-Acid Desaturases with Distinctive Substrate Specificity Regulate the Pool of C18-PUFAs in the Ancestral Picoalga Ostreococcus tauri

et al. 2020

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plastidic Δ6 Fatty-Acid Desaturases with Distinctive Substrate Specificity Regulate the Pool of C18-PUFAs in the Ancestral Picoalga Ostreococcus tauri

et al. 2020

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“…These two galactolipids are important structural lipids in plastid membranes (Murata and Siegenthaler 1998), and are thus conserved features of virtually every photosynthetic organism. The diversity of MGDG and DGDG forms (as based on the associated fatty acids) in both peridinin-containing dinoflagellates with secondary plastids of red algal origin, and dinoflagellates with aberrant plastids, has recently been reviewed by Leblond et al (2019). Briefly, the peridinin-containing dinoflagellates have been found to segregate into two clusters according to Gray et al (2009b).…”

Section: Galactolipids In Eyespot-containing Dinoflagellatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note that this isolate is cold-adapted and was grown at a lower temperature than the isolates examined in the Gray et al (2009b) study, and that the increased level of unsaturation in 18:5/18:5 DGDG compared to the other type E eyespot dinoflagellates (which were not observed to possess this particular galactolipid) is likely a temperature-induced modulation. In order to provide a graphical representation of the chemotaxonomic relationships (as based on MGDG and DGDG compositions) of the eyespot-and peridinincontaining dinoflagellates (types A-C and E) described above to non-eyespot-containing, peridinin-containing dinoflagellates, all with secondary plastids, a clustergram Leblond et al 2019 and references therein for the use of DMOX derivatives to determine fatty acid double bond positions).…”

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confidence: 99%

Plastid-associated galactolipid composition in eyespot-containing dinoflagellates: a review

Graeff¹,

Elkins²,

Leblond³

2021

ALGAE

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Relative to the large number of photosynthetic dinoflagellate species, only a select few possess proteinaceous, carotenoid-rich eyespots which have been demonstrated in other algae to act in phototactic responses. The proteins comprising the different categories of dinoflagellate eyespots are positioned in or near the peridinin-containing photosynthetic plastid membranes which are composed primarily of two galactolipids, mono-and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG). Within eyespot-containing dinoflagellates, this arrangement occurs mostly in those with secondary plastids, although some dinoflagellates with tertiary plastids of diatom origin are known to possess eyespots. We here provide an examination of the MGDG and DGDG composition of eyespot-containing dinoflagellates with secondary, peridinin-containing plastids and tertiary plastids of diatom origin to address the fundamental question of whether eyespots and their component proteins and carotenoids are associated with alterations in galactolipid composition when compared to eyespot-lacking photosynthetic dinoflagellates. This is an important question because the dinoflagellate eyespot-plastid membrane system can be considered a more complicated and evolved state of plastid development. Included in this examination are data on the previously unexamined peridinin-and type A eyespot-containing dinoflagellate Margalefidinium polykrikoides, and the type D eyespot-containing, aberrant plastid "dinotom" Durinskia baltica. In addition, we have reviewed the galactolipid composition of algae from the Chlorophyceae, Cryptophyceae, and Euglenophyceae as a comparison to determine if algal classes apart from the Dinophyceae contain altered galactolipids in association with eyespots. We conclude that the presence of an eyespot in dinoflagellates and other algae is not associated with noticeable changes in galactolipid composition.

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“…18 and 20% of galactolipids) that were not observed in appreciable amounts in peridinin-containing dinoflagellates (Gray et al 2009;. These two lipids are also among the major galactolipids in K. mikimotoi at approximately 20 and 9% of galactolipids, respectively (Leblond et al 2019). Both K. brevis and K. mikimotoi were also observed to possess additional 14:0-and 16:0-containing minor species of MGDG and DGDG at lower relative percentages Leblond et al 2019;discussed below).…”

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confidence: 94%

Galactolipid composition of Gertia stigmatica (Dinophyceae), an atypical member of the Kareniaceae with a peridinin‐containing, non‐haptophyte‐derived plastid

Leblond

Sabir

Graeff

2022

Phycological Research

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SUMMARYGertia stigmatica is an atypical member of the Kareniaceae that has a peridinin‐containing plastid rather than a tertiary, (acyloxy)fucoxanthin‐containing, haptophyte‐derived plastid, as is found in the canonical genera Karenia, Karlodinium, and Takayama. While the origin of G. stigmatica's plastid is uncertain per its original published description, with alternative hypotheses stating that it could have originated before or after the acquisition of a haptophyte‐derived plastid, the description of the species indicates that it does possess ultrastructural and genetic features that firmly place it within the Kareniaceae. As a photosynthetic, plastid‐containing organism, G. stigmatica, like other algae, possesses two galactolipids, mono‐ and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG, respectively), that form the basis of its plastid‐associated photosynthetic membranes. MGDG and DGDG have been extensively characterized in peridinin‐containing dinoflagellates, where it has been observed that these dinoflagellates can be segregated into two clusters. One cluster is characterized by MGDG and DGDG possessing the polyunsaturated C18/C18 fatty acids (sn‐1/sn‐2 regiochemistry) octadecapentaenoic acid (18:5(n‐3)) and octadecatetraenoic acid (18:4(n‐3)), while the second cluster possesses eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5(n‐3)) in the sn‐1 position while retaining a polyunsaturated C18 fatty acid in the sn‐2 position. By contrast, Karenia brevis and Karenia mikimotoi have been observed to be enriched in species of MGDG and DGDG, such as 18:5(n‐3)/14:0 MGDG and DGDG, uncommon to peridinin‐containing dinoflagellates. Our objective was to characterize the galactolipids of G. stigmatica to compare it to both peridinin‐containing dinoflagellates and other members of the Kareniaceae to search for insight, such as (a) remnant 14:0 fatty acid‐containing galactolipid(s), into the evolution of its plastid. Our results show that G. stigmatica possesses 20:5(n‐3)/18:5(n‐3) MGDG and DGDG as the primary galactolipids, with little evidence of those galactolipid species enriched in K. brevis and K. mikimotoi. The implications of this for the evolution of the G. stigmatica plastid are discussed.

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Mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol composition of dinoflagellates. VIII. Temperature effects and a perspective on the curious case ofKarenia mikimotoias a producer of the unusual, ‘green algal’ fatty acid hexadecatetraenoic acid [16:4(n-3)]

Cited by 13 publications

References 69 publications

Plastidic Δ6 Fatty-Acid Desaturases with Distinctive Substrate Specificity Regulate the Pool of C18-PUFAs in the Ancestral Picoalga Ostreococcus tauri

Plastidic Δ6 Fatty-Acid Desaturases with Distinctive Substrate Specificity Regulate the Pool of C18-PUFAs in the Ancestral Picoalga Ostreococcus tauri

Plastid-associated galactolipid composition in eyespot-containing dinoflagellates: a review

Galactolipid composition of Gertia stigmatica (Dinophyceae), an atypical member of the Kareniaceae with a peridinin‐containing, non‐haptophyte‐derived plastid

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