Monkeypox (mpox) virus: Classification, origin, transmission, genome organization, antiviral drugs, and molecular diagnosis

Karagöz, Aysel; Tombuloğlu, Hüseyin; Alsaeed, Moneerah; Tombuloğlu, Güzin; AlRubaish, Abdullah A.; Mahmoud, Amal; Smajlović, Samira; Ćordić, Sabahudin; Rabaan, Ali A.; Al-Suhaimi, Ebtesam A.

doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2023.02.003

Cited by 72 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…All of the whole‐genome sequences of hmpxv1 are from the clade IIa. About 27 lineages have been identified based on the genetic divergence till December 2023 52–55 . Predominance of lineage B.1 (604 of 1400) is evident followed by B.1.2 (94 of 1400), B.1.10 (71 of 1400), B.1.1 (63 of 1400), B.1.7 (61 of 1400), B.1.3 (46 of 1400), A (44 of 1400), B.1.4 (39 of 1400), B.1.11 (30 of 1400), and B.1.17 (30 of 1400), respectively (Figure 2B).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,8,9,11,15,[18][19][20][21][22][23]25,[28][29][30][31] Zoonotic infection Infection spreading from animals also contributed earlier in this outbreak. 34,50,51,[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61]63,64,[66][67][68][69] Further, reports of human-to-animal transmission of monkeypox virus was documented. 64,66 Nosocomial infection Number of nosocomial infections has been documented in United Kingdom, Spain, and Italy during the 2022 outbreak.…”

Section: Risk Factors Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular epidemiology, transmission and clinical features of 2022‐mpox outbreak: A systematic review

Sharif,

Alzahrani

et al. 2023

Health Science Reports

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Background and AimsThe 2022‐mpox outbreak has spread worldwide in a short time. Integrated knowledge of the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and transmission of mpox are limited. This systematic review of peer‐reviewed articles and gray literature was conducted to shed light on the epidemiology, clinical features, and transmission of 2022‐mpox outbreak.MethodsWe identified 45 peer‐reviewed manuscripts for data analysis. The standards of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) Statement and Cochrane Collaboration were followed for conducting the study.ResultsThe case number of mpox has increased about 100 times worldwide. About 99% of the cases in 2022 outbreak was from non‐endemic regions. Men (70%–98% cases) were mostly infected with homosexual and bisexual behavior (30%–60%). The ages of the infected people ranged between 30 and 40 years. The presence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among 30%–60% of cases were reported. Human‐to‐human transmission via direct contact and different body fluids were involved in the majority of the cases (90%–100%). Lesions in genitals, perianal, and anogenital areas were more prevalent. Unusually, pharyngitis (15%–40%) and proctitis (20%–40%) were more common during 2022 outbreak than pre‐2022 outbreaks. Brincidofovir is approved for the treatment of smallpox by FDA (USA). Two vaccines, including JYNNEOSTM and ACAM2000®, are approved and used for pre‐ and post‐prophylaxis in cases. About 100% of the cases in non‐endemic regions were associated with isolates of IIb clade with a divergence of 0.0018–0.0035. Isolates from B.1 lineage were the most predominant followed by B.1.2 and B.1.10.ConclusionThis study will add integrated knowledge of the epidemiology, clinical features, and transmission of mpox.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Risk Factors Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology, transmission and clinical features of 2022‐mpox outbreak: A systematic review

Sharif,

Alzahrani

et al. 2023

Health Science Reports

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“…The Democratic Republic of Congo remains the country most affected by the mpox virus, with continuous reports over the last five decades regarding confirmed cases ( Bunge et al, 2022 ). After the disease was no longer seen as endemic, but a worldwide outbreak, it was declared as an emergency independent of any travel causal factors, but with a major negative contribution brought by sexual transmission ( Karagoz et al, 2023 ).…”

Section: The Current Global Situation Regarding Outbreaks Of Monkeypo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Monkeypox: a global health emergency

et al. 2023

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Over the past 2 years, the world has faced the impactful Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with a visible shift in economy, medicine, and beyond. As of recent times, the emergence of the monkeypox (mpox) virus infections and the growing number of infected cases have raised panic and fear among people, not only due to its resemblance to the now eradicated smallpox virus, but also because another potential pandemic could have catastrophic consequences, globally. However, studies of the smallpox virus performed in the past and wisdom gained from the COVID-19 pandemic are the two most helpful tools for humanity that can prevent major outbreaks of the mpox virus, thus warding off another pandemic. Because smallpox and mpox are part of the same virus genus, the Orthopoxvirus genus, the structure and pathogenesis, as well as the transmission of both these two viruses are highly similar. Because of these similarities, antivirals and vaccines approved and licensed in the past for the smallpox virus are effective and could successfully treat and prevent an mpox virus infection. This review discusses the main components that outline this current global health issue raised by the mpox virus, by presenting it as a whole, and integrating aspects such as its structure, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, prevention, and treatment options, and how this ongoing phenomenon is being globally approached.

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“…The Mpox virion is a 280×220 nm brick-shaped lipoprotein-enveloped virus with its characteristic surface tubules and a dumbbell-shaped core with lateral bodies [8]. Pox viruses have two mature forms: an extracellular enveloped virus (EVV) and intracellular mature virus (IVM) and both can cause infection [9].…”

Section: Biology Of Mpox Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the challenging multi-country outbreak of Mpox: a comprehensive review

Bhat,

Saha,

Garg

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Human monkeypox virus (hMpoxV) is of zoonotic origin and is closely related to the once-dreaded smallpox virus. It is largely endemic to the African continent but has moved out of the endemic regions as sporadic clusters in the past 20 years, raising concerns worldwide. Human Mpox is characterized by a mild to severe, self-limiting infection, with mortality ranging from less than 1% to up to 10% during different outbreaks caused by different clades of MpoxV. Bushmeat hunting is one of the primary reasons for its transmission from animals to humans. Various international and national health regulatory bodies are closely monitoring the disease and have laid down guidelines to manage and prevent hMpox cases. Emergency Use Status has been granted to Tecovirimat and Brincidofovir to treat severe cases and vaccination with the smallpox vaccine is recommended for high-risk group individuals. Strategies to repurpose and discover novel therapeutics and vaccines to control the outbreak are being researched. The current Mpox outbreak that has mainly affected men as approximately 96% of all cases are reported in men, is probably the result of a complex intersection of various factors. This necessitates a strong One Health response coordination involving human, animal and environmental health institutions. This review is an attempt to provide an all-inclusive overview of the biology, history, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of hMpox in context to the recent 2022–2023 multi-country outbreak which is termed by WHO a ‘Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)’.

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Monkeypox (mpox) virus: Classification, origin, transmission, genome organization, antiviral drugs, and molecular diagnosis

Cited by 72 publications

References 69 publications

Molecular epidemiology, transmission and clinical features of 2022‐mpox outbreak: A systematic review

Molecular epidemiology, transmission and clinical features of 2022‐mpox outbreak: A systematic review

Monkeypox: a global health emergency

Insights into the challenging multi-country outbreak of Mpox: a comprehensive review

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