Monkeypox: An epidemiologic and clinical comparison of African and US disease

Sale, Tanya A.; Melski, John W.; Stratman, Erik J.

doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.05.061

Cited by 102 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…Investigations of the MPXV outbreak and epidemiological, immunological, and pathological studies of prairie dogs infected with MPXV (8,12,27,28,35,38,43,57,58,64,69,74,80) determined that this rodent species can manifest MPXV infection similar to human systemic OPXV disease. This disease model shares a respiratory route of infection, similar disease incubation period, and similar rash illness (20,29,38,42,80) with human MPXV and VARV infections, thus making it a potentially useful small animal model for testing vaccines and therapeutics (29,70).…”

Section: Or 10mentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of the Black-Tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) as a Novel Animal Model for Comparing Smallpox Vaccines Administered Preexposure in both High- and Low-Dose Monkeypox Virus Challenges

Keckler

Carroll

Gallardo-Romero

et al. 2011

J Virol

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The 2003 monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak and subsequent laboratory studies demonstrated that the black-tailed prairie dog is susceptible to MPXV infection and that the ensuing rash illness is similar to human systemic orthopoxvirus (OPXV) infection, including a 7-to 9-day incubation period and, likely, in some cases a respiratory route of infection; these features distinguish this model from others. The need for safe and efficacious vaccines for OPVX in areas where it is endemic or epidemic is important to protect an increasingly OPXV-naïve population. In this study, we tested current and investigational smallpox vaccines for safety, induction of anti-OPXV antibodies, and protection against mortality and morbidity in two MPXV challenges. Although smallpox has been eradicated (5), orthopoxviruses (OPXVs), such as variola virus (VARV) (6, 32), monkeypox virus (MPXV) (3, 10, 57), vaccinia virus (VACV) (4, 76), and others (53,68,77), are a continuing public health concern (61, 67). Due to cellular and humoral protective effects (7,15,16,46,73), the traditional live VACV-based smallpox vaccines provide cross-protection against multiple OPXV threats (48). Unfortunately, the cessation of routine vaccination (37) has left much of the global population fully susceptible to OPXV infections (34), and the adverse effects of first-and secondgeneration vaccines (78) coupled with increases in the global immunocompromised population (59) underline the need for continued development and testing of safer smallpox vaccines (30).Testing of smallpox vaccines requires the development of relevant animal models. Current smallpox vaccine testing animal models include ectromelia virus (ECTV) infection of mice (75), VACV infection of mice (63), rabbitpox virus (RPXV) and VACV infection of rabbits (1, 18), VARV and MPXV infection of nonhuman primates (NHP) (13,19,21,25,26,31), and others (65, 74). Limitations of current models include abbreviated disease incubation periods and/or differences from human systemic orthopoxvirus disease presentation and progression The validation of alternative animal models for smallpox vaccine testing is an ongoing effort (2, 19, 39).The MPXV outbreak in the United States in 2003 (3) identified a potential alternative model as it established that MPXV can be transmitted to black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) (42). Investigations of the MPXV outbreak and epidemiological, immunological, and pathological studies of prairie dogs infected with MPXV (8,12,27,28,35,38,43,57,58,64,69,74,80) determined that this rodent species can manifest MPXV infection similar to human systemic OPXV disease. This disease model shares a respiratory route of infection, similar disease incubation period, and similar rash illness (20,29,38,42,80) with human MPXV and VARV infections, thus making it a potentially useful small animal model for testing vaccines and therapeutics (29,70). A particular strength of this model is its 7-to 9-day incubation period, which is more similar to that seen in human disease than many other a...

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Section: Or 10mentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of the Black-Tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) as a Novel Animal Model for Comparing Smallpox Vaccines Administered Preexposure in both High- and Low-Dose Monkeypox Virus Challenges

Keckler

Carroll

Gallardo-Romero

et al. 2011

J Virol

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“…Monkeypox virus was identified as an agent of disease in 1959 when an outbreak occurred in a colony of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in Denmark (Sale et al, 2006). Human monkeypox was identified as a distinct disease in the 1970s when smallpox eradication efforts in rural areas of western and central Africa and present-day Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) revealed a smallpox-like illness (Arita et al, 1985;Huhn et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Monkeypox virus has been isolated only once from a wild animal: a rope squirrel (Funisciurus anerythrus) trapped in the DRC in 1986 (Khodakevich et al, 1986). Human infection is thought to occur via contact with infected animals (72% of cases) and to a lesser extent by human-to-human contact, respiratory aerosol, or contact with body fluids (Jezek et al, 1988;Sale et al, 2006). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Initial molecular genetic studies and whole-genome analyses of monkeypox isolates indicate the presence of two distinct strains (Mackett and Archard, 1979;Esposito and Knight, 1985;Likos et al, 2005). Isolates from outbreaks in Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, and the DRC comprise the Congo Basin clade, whereas isolates from Nigeria, Liberia, and those imported from Ghana into the United States constitute the West African clade (Reed et al, 2004;Likos et al, 2005;Sale et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ecology and Geography of Human Monkeypox Case Occurrences Across Africa

Ellis¹,

Carroll²,

Lash³

et al. 2012

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:As ecologic niche modeling (ENM) evolves as a tool in spatial epidemiology and public health, selection of the most appropriate and informative environmental data sets becomes increasingly important. Here, we build on a previous ENM analysis of the potential distribution of human monkeypox in Africa by refining georeferencing criteria and using more-diverse environmental data to identify environmental parameters contributing to monkeypox distributional ecology. Significant environmental variables include annual precipitation, several temperature-related variables, primary productivity, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and pH. The potential distribution identified with this set of variables was broader than that identified in previous analyses but does not include areas recently found to hold monkeypox in southern Sudan. Our results emphasize the importance of selecting the most appropriate and informative environmental data sets for ENM analyses in pathogen transmission mapping.

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“…This virus was introduced into the United States in 2003 through importation of infected rodents from Ghana demonstrating the public health importance of this agent, and its potential as an emerging biological threat agent (Charatan, 2003;Reed et al, 2004;Ligon, 2004;Sale et al, 2006;Stephenson, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%