Monitoring wheat mitochondrial compositional and respiratory changes using Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy in response to agrochemical treatments

Abstract

Fungicides and plant growth regulators can impact plant growth outside of their effects on fungal pathogens. Although many of these chemicals are inhibitors of mitochondrial oxygen uptake, information remains limited as to whether they are able to modify other mitochondrial constituents. Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FT-mIR) offers a high sample throughput method to comparatively and qualitatively evaluate the effects of exogenously added compounds on mitochondrial components. Therefore the objective of this study was to determine the ability of FT-mIR to detect effects mitochondrial fractions isolated from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings in response to several agrochemical treatments, with an emphasis on fungicides. The accessed need was to develop FT-mIR analytical and statistical routines as an effective approach to differentiate spectra obtained from chemically-treated or untreated mitochondria. An NADH-dependent oxygen uptake approach was initially used as a comparative method to determine whether the fungicides (azoxystrobin, boscalid, cyazofamid, fluazinam, isopyrazam, and pyraclostrobin) and the plant growth regulator, (trinexapac-ethyl) reduced respiration inhibition on isolated mitochondria. Pyraclostrobin was the most effective inhibitor, whereas amisulbrom did not impact oxygen uptake. However, hierarchical clustering of FT-mIR spectra of isolated mitochondria treated with these different compounds separated into clades consistent with each of their expected mode of action. Analysis of the FT-mIR amide protein region indicated that amisulbrom and pyraclostrobin interacted with the isolated wheat mitochondria. Both chemicals were statistically different from the control signifying that respiration was indeed influenced by these treatments. Moreover, the entire FT-mIR region showed differences in various biological bands thereby providing additional information on mitochondria responses to agrochemicals, if so warranted.

Strobilurins: New group of fungicides

“…In another word, strobilurins act on fungal mitochondrial respiration, causing electron transport blockage in the cytochrome bc1 complex (complex III of electron transport chain), between cytochrome b and cytochrome c1, at the Qo site By inhibiting ubiquinol-cytochrome c-oxide reductase, they reduce the respiratory process blocking the fungus cell's energy supply (ATP), leading to its death, thus, they are also known as QoIs or inhibitors of the bc1 complex [10,20]. Because this complex is present in all eukaryotic organisms, there is at least partial inhibition of electron transport in plants when they come in contact with strobilurins such as pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin which isolated from mitochondria in wheat plants [22].…”

Chitosan as an Adjuvant to Enhance the Control Efficacy of Low-Dosage Pyraclostrobin against Powdery Mildew of Rosa roxburghii and Improve Its Photosynthesis, Yield, and Quality

“…[ 13 , 14 ]. It mainly inhibits the electron transfer between cytochrome b and c1 in mitochondrial respiration of pathogenic cells, so that mitochondria cannot normally provide the required energy for cell metabolism, thereby achieving a bactericidal effect [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. In a previous report from our research group, Wu et al [ 18 ] found that 30% pyraclostrobin SC could effectively control powdery mildew with a control efficacy of more than 90%, and notably promote its yield and quality.…”

Transcriptome Analysis of the Toxic Effects of Amisulbrom and Isoflucypram on Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae

“…Amisulbrom (AML), a sulfonamide fungicide, is registered for foliar applications on grape, potatoes and other crops [1,2]. Isoflucypram (ISO) is one of new succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides that are used for fungi and mould control [3].…”