Monitoring the Snøhvit Gas Field Using Seabed Gravimetry and Subsidence

Ruiz, H.; Lien, Martha; Vatshelle, Martin; Alnes, Håvard; Haverl, M.; Sørensen, Henrietta

doi:10.3997/1365-2397.fb2022027

Cited by 1 publication

(3 citation statements)

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“…Direct measurement techniques Section 3.1 Hydrostatic leveling Section 3.1.1 [24][25][26][27] Casing collar deformation analysis Section 3.1.2 [28,29] Hydrographic techniques Section 3.2 Bathymetry Section 3.2.1 [30][31][32][33] Air gap measurements Section 3.2.2 [33][34][35] Radar water-level measurements Section 3.2.3 [33,36] Radioactive marker technique (RMT) Section 3.3 [8,[37][38][39][40] Well logging Section 3.4 Electric log data Section 3.4.1 [41] Formation-compaction monitoring tool (FCMT) Section 3.4.2 [42] Tiltmeters Section 3.5 [43][44][45][46][47] Fiber optic cables Section 3.6 [48] Fugro-proposed tools Section 3.6.1 [43] Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensor Section 3.6.2 [43,49] Time-lapse gravimetry and pressure Section 3.7 [43,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56] Agisco compensator Section 3.8 [43] Microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs) Section 3.9 [57][58][59] Remote sensing Section 3.10 InSAR (interferometric synthetic aperture RADAR) Section 3.10.1…”

Section: Section Analyzed Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electric log data Section 3.4.1 [41] Formation-compaction monitoring tool (FCMT) Section 3.4.2 [42] Tiltmeters Section 3.5 [43][44][45][46][47] Fiber optic cables Section 3.6 [48] Fugro-proposed tools Section 3.6.1 [43] Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensor Section 3.6.2 [43,49] Time-lapse gravimetry and pressure Section 3.7 [43,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56] Agisco compensator Section 3.8 [43] Microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs) Section 3.9 [57][58][59] Remote sensing Section 3.10…”

Section: Section Analyzed Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notably, the combined approach has been applied to noteworthy fields including Midgard, Valhall, Ormen Lange, Snøhvit, Troll, and Sleipner. Evident subsidence rates of 10.75 mm/yr, 250 mm/yr, 4.83 mm/yr, 1.88 mm/yr, 12.17 mm/yr, and 20.8 mm/yr have been documented in studies [51][52][53][54][55][56]. A notable advantage distinguishing this technique from the GPS and InSAR lies in its capacity for comprehensive area monitoring, thereby augmenting its breadth and practicality.…”

Section: Time-lapse Gravimetry and Pressurementioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Subsidence Monitoring Techniques in Offshore Environments

Thomas,

Livio,

Ferrario

et al. 2024

Sensors

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In view of the ever-increasing global energy demands and the imperative for sustainability in extraction methods, this article surveys subsidence monitoring systems applied to oil and gas fields located in offshore areas. Subsidence is an issue that can harm infrastructure, whether onshore or especially offshore, so it must be carefully monitored to ensure safety and prevent potential environmental damage. A comprehensive review of major monitoring technologies used offshore is still lacking; here, we address this gap by evaluating several techniques, including InSAR, GNSSs, hydrostatic leveling, and fiber optic cables, among others. Their accuracy, applicability, and limitations within offshore operations have also been assessed. Based on an extensive literature review of more than 60 published papers and technical reports, we have found that no single method works best for all settings; instead, a combination of different monitoring approaches is more likely to provide a reliable subsidence assessment. We also present selected case histories to document the results achieved using integrated monitoring studies. With the emerging offshore energy industry, combining GNSSs, InSAR, and other subsidence monitoring technologies offers a pathway to achieving precision in the assessment of offshore infrastructural stability, thus underpinning the sustainability and safety of offshore oil and gas operations. Reliable and comprehensive subsidence monitoring systems are essential for safety, to protect the environment, and ensure the sustainable exploitation of hydrocarbon resources.

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