Monitoring the escape of transgenic oilseed rape around Japanese ports and roadsides

Saji, Hikaru; Nakajima, Nobuyoshi; Aono, Mitsuko; Tamaoki, Masanori; Kubo, Akihiro; Wakiyama, Seiji; Hatase, Yoriko; Nagatsu, Masato

doi:10.1051/ebr:2006003

Cited by 93 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In regions where GMHT oilseed rape is currently not grown commercially, surveys, for example performed in and around major ports and along roads leading from these ports to inland processing facilities in Japan, revealed that feral oilseed rape plants can express/contain the GLY or GLU tolerance trait, and to a lesser extent both traits (Saji et al, 2005;Aono et al, 2006;Kawata et al, 2009;Nishizawa et al, 2009). The share of feral plants that is transgenic varied substantially across years and sampling sites, ranging from 0.2% to 100% (Kawata et al, 2009;Nishizawa et al, 2009).…”

Section: Is Feral Gmht Oilseed Rape a Hazard Or Risk?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Feral genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape from seed import spills: are concerns scientifically justified?

Devos

Hails

Messéan³

et al. 2011

Transgenic Res

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Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner.1 | P a g e KEYWORDSGenetically modified oilseed rape, herbicide tolerance, seed spillage, ferality, persistence, invasiveness, coexistence, introgression 2 | P a g e ABSTRACTOne of the concerns surrounding the import (for food and feed uses or processing) of genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) oilseed rape is that, through seed spillage, the herbicide tolerance (HT) trait will escape into agricultural or semi-natural habitats, causing environmental or economic problems. Based on these concerns, three EU countries have invoked national safeguard clauses to ban the marketing of specific GMHT oilseed rape events on their territory. However, the scientific basis for the environmental and economic concerns posed by feral GMHT oilseed rape resulting from seed import spills is debatable.While oilseed rape has characteristics such as secondary dormancy and small seed size that enable it to persist and be redistributed in the landscape, the presence of ferals is not in itself an environmental or economic problem. Crucially, feral oilseed rape has not become invasive outside cultivated and ruderal habitats, and HT traits are not likely to result in increased invasiveness. Feral GMHT oilseed rape has the potential to introduce HT traits to volunteer weeds in agricultural fields, but would only be amplified if the herbicides to which HT volunteers are tolerant were used routinely in the field. However, this worst-case scenario is most unlikely, as seed import spills are mostly confined to port areas. Economic concerns revolve around the potential for feral GMHT oilseed rape to contribute to GM admixtures in non-GM crops. Since feral plants derived from cultivation (as distinct from import) occur at too low a frequency to affect the coexistence threshold of 0.9% in the EU, it can be concluded that feral GMHT plants resulting from seed import spills will have little relevance as a potential source of pollen or seed for GM admixture. This paper concludes that feral oilseed rape in Europe should not be routinely managed, and certainly not in semi-natural habitats, as the benefits of such action would not outweigh the negative effects of management.3 | P a g e INTRODUCTIONThe global area cropped with genetically modified (GM) crops has consistently increased each year since they were first commercially cultivated in 1996 (1.7 million hectares), reaching 148 million hectares in 2010 (James, 2010). The advent of GM crops and their rapid expansion in terms of cropping area evoked intense debate about their safety (Hails, 2000; Devos et al., 2008b;Waltz, 2009; Gaskell et al., 2011). Concerns have been raised that the commercial release of GM crops could result in adverse environmental and economic effects.Environmental concerns include the potential for altered fitness of the crop ...

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Section: Is Feral Gmht Oilseed Rape a Hazard Or Risk?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Feral genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape from seed import spills: are concerns scientifically justified?

Devos

Hails

Messéan³

et al. 2011

Transgenic Res

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“…Deployment of life-history modeling approaches has proved a popular and informative strategy to address this need, and has generally confirmed a tendency towards extinction and emphasized the importance of seedbank dynamics and fresh spillage (Aono et al, 2006;Garnier et al, 2006;Pivard et al, 2008aPivard et al, , 2008bSaji et al, 2005;Kowarik, 2007a, 2007b;Yoshimura et al, 2006). These data are useful because they provide a valuable baseline comparator for any transgenic crop.…”

Section: Effects Of Enhanced Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although less interesting from the point of view of fundamental research, and hence less studied, GM seed dispersal can also be a significant means of transgene movement (Aono et al, 2006;Saji et al, 2005). Early predictive models intended for this use focused largely on the seemingly tractable problem of anticipating airborne dispersal of pollen from GM fields.…”

Section: Modeling Pollen Dispersal and Gene Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fitness and beyond: Preparing for the arrival of GM crops with ecologically important novel characters

Wilkinson

Tepfer

2009

Environ. Biosafety Res.

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The seemingly inexorable expansion of global human population size, significant increases in the use of biofuel crops and the growing pressures of multifunctional land-use have intensified the need to improve crop productivity. The widespread cultivation of high-yielding genetically modified (GM) crops could help to address these problems, although in doing so, steps must also be taken to ensure that any gene flow from these crops to wild or weedy recipients does not cause significant ecological harm. It is partly for this reason that new GM cultivars are invariably subjected to strict regulatory evaluation in order to assess the risks that each may pose to the environment. Regulatory bodies vary in their approach to decision-making, although all require access to large quantities of detailed information. Such an exhaustive case-by-case approach has been made tractable by the comparative simplicity of the portfolio of GM crops currently on the market, with four crops and two classes of traits accounting for almost all of the area under cultivation of GM crops. This simplified situation will change shortly, and will seriously complicate and potentially slow the evaluation process. Nowhere will the increased diversity of GM crops cause more difficulty to regulators than in those cases where there is a need to assess whether the transgene(s) will enhance fitness in a non-transgenic relative and thereafter cause ecological harm. Current practice to test this risk hypothesis focuses on attempting to detect increased fitness in the recipient. In this paper we explore the merits and shortcomings of this strategy, and investigate the scope for developing new approaches to streamline decision-making processes for transgenes that could cause unwanted ecological change.Keywords: environmental risk assessment / fitness / fitness parameters / GM crops / invasiveness / weediness THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENTThroughout the world, wherever transgenic crops are grown outside the confines of the laboratory, there is a regulatory system for governing and monitoring the conditions under which experimental field trials and/or commercial cultivation is sanctioned. There is considerable variation between individual countries in the legislative frameworks that dictate how decisions to permit, delay or halt the release of a particular transgenic event are made (Capalbo et al., 2003;Cardwell and Kerr, 2008;Guehlstorf and Hallstrom, 2005; Jepson et al., 2005;Kalaitzandonakes et al., 2007;Nasiruddin and Nasim, 2007;Ramjoue, 2007;Salleh, 2006;Zafar, 2007). Nevertheless, there appears to be a growing harmonization of the underlying process that governs decision-making, * Corresponding author: jjw@aber.ac.uk with all systems adopting a case-by-case approach in which large bodies of evidence are first presented and then evaluated in a reiterative fashion.The documents made in support of individual submissions are usually rather weighty and data-rich; they invariably include substantial information relating to the biology and agr...

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“…In Japan, where no oilseed rape is cultivated, GSs has been observed in feral populations (Aono et al, 2006;Saji et al, 2005). The origin of these uGSs is not clear, but it could occur either as result of spontaneous cross-hybridization or via seed dispersal of imported stacked seeds (Aono et al, 2006).…”

Section: Intended Versus Unintended Gene Stackingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene stacking in transgenic plants: towards compliance between definitions, terminology, and detection within the EU regulatory framework

Taverniers¹,

Papazova²,

Bertheau

et al. 2008

Environ. Biosafety Res.

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The combination or stacking of different traits or genes in plants is rapidly gaining popularity in biotech crop production. Here we review the existing terminology regarding gene stacking in plants, and its implications in relation to genetics, biosafety, detectability and European regulations. Different methods of production of stacked gene traits, as well as the status of their cultivation and approval, are reviewed. Related to the different techniques of transformation and production, including classical breeding, and to differences in global authorization and commercialization practices, there are many types, definitions, and perceptions of stacking. These include: (1) stacking of traits and (2) stacking of events, which are the most widely accepted perceptions of stacking, and (3) stacking of genes, which from the analytical and traceability point of view may be a more appropriate perception. These differences in perceptions and definitions are discussed, as are their implications for analytical detection and regulatory compliance according to (in particular) European Union (EU) regulations. A comprehensive terminology regarding gene stacking with regulatory relevance is proposed. The haploid genome equivalent is proposed as the prevailing unit of measurement at all stages throughout the chain, in order to ensure that terminology and definitions of gene stacks are adapted to analytical detection, traceability, and compliance with EU regulations.

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Monitoring the escape of transgenic oilseed rape around Japanese ports and roadsides

Cited by 93 publications

References 18 publications

Feral genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape from seed import spills: are concerns scientifically justified?

Feral genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape from seed import spills: are concerns scientifically justified?

Fitness and beyond: Preparing for the arrival of GM crops with ecologically important novel characters

Gene stacking in transgenic plants: towards compliance between definitions, terminology, and detection within the EU regulatory framework

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