Monitoring the Effects of Slope Hazard Mitigation and Weather on Rockfall along a Colorado Highway Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning

Abstract

Rockfall is a frequent hazard in mountainous areas, but risks can be mitigated by the construction of protection structures and slope modification. In this study, two rock slopes along a highway in western Colorado were monitored monthly using Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) before, during, and after mitigation activities were performed to observe the influence of construction and weather variables on rockfall activity. Between September 2020 and February 2021, the slopes were mechanically scaled and reinforced using rock bolts, wire mesh, and polyurethane resin injection. We used a state-of-the-art TLS monitoring workflow to process the acquired point clouds, including semi-automated algorithms for alignment, change detection, clustering, and rockfall-volume calculation. Our initial hypotheses were that the slope-construction activities would have an immediate effect on the rockfall rate post-construction and would exhibit a decreased correlation with weather-related triggering factors, such as precipitation and freeze-thaw cycles. However, our observations did not confirm this, and instead an increase in post-construction rockfall was recorded, with strong correlation to weather-related triggering factors. While this does not suggest that the overall mitigation efforts were ineffective in reducing rockfall hazard and risk of large blocks, we did not find evidence that mitigation efforts influenced the rockfall hazard associated with the release of small- to medium-sized blocks (<1 m3). These results can be used to develop improved and tailored mitigation methods for rock slopes in the future.

Surface Monitoring of an MSW Landfill Based on Linear and Angular Measurements, TLS, and LIDAR UAV

“…The photogrammetric method [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], the ALS method [ 15 ], and the TLS method [ 4 , 5 , 13 , 14 , 19 , 22 , 23 ] are successfully used in the periodic geodetic monitoring of facilities similar in their construction to MSW landfills (large-scale, soil-built facilities). These include open-pit mines, natural landslide slopes, post-production landfills, and various types of bulk product storage areas.…”

“…Early detection of displacement of slowly creeping material is an important part of early warning against landslides. Stability assessment and prediction of large deformations and failures, including in open-pit mines and slopes during construction works, are usually performed using surveying techniques [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Wireless Sensor Network-Based Rockfall and Landslide Monitoring Systems: A Review

“…Satellite interferometry [ 59 ] and laser scanning are other technologies used for remote land-movement monitoring [ 60 , 61 ]. These solutions offer good performance for movement assessment but, in some cases, are not accessible and have moderate costs.…”

Hazard Reduction in Deep Excavations Execution

“…The general cost structure is similar in each discussed case, and the differences are underlined. The examples of excavation slope protection which are hazardous for work performance [32] are described in this chapter as:…”