Monitoring Sedation Status Over Time in ICU Patients

Excessive tidal volume from breath stacking during lung-protective ventilation for acute lung injury*

“…Adherence to the LTVV protocol was determined the same as in a prior investigation (2). Sedation assessment by the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) was recorded by the bedside nurses every 4 hrs (10,11). During periods of sedation titration, indications for drug administration or withdrawal were recorded by the bedside nurse.…”

Epidemiology of sedation and sedation adequacy for mechanically ventilated patients in a medical and surgical intensive care unit*

“…We recorded whether these medications were administered as a continuous infusion during each interval. A 10-mg dose of intravenous morphine was defined as equivalent to 1.5 mg of hydromorphone and 0.1 mg of fentanyl (21); 3 mg of midazolam was defined as equivalent to 1 mg of lorazepam (22). Propofol or dexmedetomidine doses were converted to micrograms per kilogram per minute or micrograms per kilogram per hour, respectively.…”

Simultaneous detection of ketamine, lorazepam, midazolam and sufentanil in human serum with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for monitoring of analgosedation in critically ill patients

“…However, the significance of clinical scoring systems in evaluating the level of consciousness is controversial [7,36,37]. For instance, it has been reported in one study that more than 70% of the examined patients described a traumatic negative experiencing pain although the supervising care workers declared a freedom from pain by using sedative scales [37].…”