“…72,73,74,75 For country level fossil CO2 emissions estimates of the 95% confidence interval uncertainties range from 3-5% up to 50% or more for countries with poor statistical infrastructures. 76 Global emissions shift towards the latter type of countries, revisions thus are often of global significance.…”
Negotiating greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction involves the allocation of emissions and of emission reductions to specific agents, and notably, within the current UN framework, to associated countries. As production takes place in supply chains, increasingly extending over several countries, there are various options available in which emissions originating from one and the same activity may be attributed to different agents along the supply chain and thus to different countries. In this way, several distinct types of national carbon accounts can be constructed. We argue that these accounts will typically differ as regards the information they provide to individual countries on the effects their actions have on global emissions; and they may also, to varying degrees, prove useful in supporting the pursuit of an effective and just climate policy. However, none of the accounting systems proves "best" in achieving these aims under real world circumstances; we thus suggest compiling reliable data to facilitate the consistent calculation of multiple carbon accounts on a global level.
“…72,73,74,75 For country level fossil CO2 emissions estimates of the 95% confidence interval uncertainties range from 3-5% up to 50% or more for countries with poor statistical infrastructures. 76 Global emissions shift towards the latter type of countries, revisions thus are often of global significance.…”
Negotiating greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction involves the allocation of emissions and of emission reductions to specific agents, and notably, within the current UN framework, to associated countries. As production takes place in supply chains, increasingly extending over several countries, there are various options available in which emissions originating from one and the same activity may be attributed to different agents along the supply chain and thus to different countries. In this way, several distinct types of national carbon accounts can be constructed. We argue that these accounts will typically differ as regards the information they provide to individual countries on the effects their actions have on global emissions; and they may also, to varying degrees, prove useful in supporting the pursuit of an effective and just climate policy. However, none of the accounting systems proves "best" in achieving these aims under real world circumstances; we thus suggest compiling reliable data to facilitate the consistent calculation of multiple carbon accounts on a global level.
“…In practice, MRV rules adopted in actual climate-mitigation mechanisms strongly influence the cost efficiency of MRV (15). Designing rules that optimize resource allocation in MRV is therefore paramount.…”
“…Many researchers express scepticism about the additionality of CDM projects (Zhang and Wang 2011). The transactions costs of CDM projects (which include the costs of auditing) moreover appear to be high (Krey 2005;Bellassen et al 2015).…”
Section: The Clean Development Mechanismmentioning
Benford's Law suggests that the first digits of numerical data are heavily skewed towards low numbers. Data that fail to conform to Benford's Law when conformity is to be expected may have been manipulated. Using Benford's Law, we conduct digital frequency analysis on the emission reduction claims of Clean Development Mechanism projects. Digital frequency analysis indicates that although emission reduction claims made in project design documents do not conform to Benford's Law, we cannot reject the null hypothesis that data on certified emission reductions do. Benford's Law offers a rapid, low-cost means of identifying possible instances of data manipulation.
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