Monitoring recovery after CNS demyelination, a novel tool to de-risk pro-remyelinating strategies

Abstract

In multiple sclerosis, while remarkable progress has been accomplished to control the inflammatory component of the disease, repair of demyelinated lesions is still an unmet need. Despite encouraging results generated in experimental models, several candidates favouring or promoting remyelination have not reached the expected outcomes in clinical trials. One possible reason for these failures is that, in most cases, during preclinical testing, efficacy was evaluated on histology only, while functional recovery had not been assessed. We have generated a Xenopus laevis transgenic model Tg(mbp:GFP-NTR) of conditional demyelination in which spontaneous remyelination can be accelerated using candidate molecules. Xenopus laevis is a classic model for in vivo studies of myelination because tadpoles are translucent. We reasoned that demyelination should translate into loss of sensorimotor functions followed by behavioural recovery upon remyelination. To this end, we measured the swimming speed and distance travelled before and after demyelination and during the ongoing spontaneous remyelination and have developed a functional assay based on the visual avoidance of a virtual collision. Here we show that alteration of these functional and clinical performances correlated well with the level of demyelination and that histological remyelination, assayed by counting in vivo the number of myelinating oligodendrocytes in the optic nerve, translated in clinical–functional recovery. This method was further validated in tadpoles treated with pro-remyelinating agents (clemastine, siponimod) showing that increased remyelination in the optic nerve was associated with functional improvement. Our data illustrate the potential interest of correlating histopathological parameters and functional–clinical parameters to screen molecules promoting remyelination in a simple in vivo model of conditional demyelination.

Deleterious functional consequences of perfluoroalkyl substances accumulation into the myelin sheath

“…Tadpoles were obtained by natural mating of pairs of adults, selected from our colony of either transgenic Tg(Mbp:GFP-ntr) or wild type raised in our animal facility (agreement # A75-13-19). Handling of animals and functional tests have been previously detailed (Henriet et al, 2023)…”

“…GFP was detected directly by fluorescence in live Tg(Mbp:GFP-ntr) transgenic Xenopus embryos using an AZ100 Nikon Zoom Macroscope. The procedure is described in the supporting information (see also (Kaya et al, 2012) and (Henriet et al, 2023).…”

“…The tests have been previously described (Henriet et al, 2023). The procedure is described in the supporting information.…”

“…Since the level of demyelination was evaluated by the number of mature GFP+ oligodendrocytes per optic nerve, we reasoned that a demyelination, or failure of remyelination of optic nerve axons must translate by a loss of vision, like optic neuritis in human. To test whether a demyelination of optic nerve axons translated in tadpoles into a vision loss we developed an index of visual avoidance of a virtual collision (Henriet et al, 2023). At the end of the demyelination period, tadpoles had lost the capability to avoid the threatening stimulus represented by the virtual collision with the black dot.…”