Monitoring of Waterborne Pathogens in Surface Waters in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and the Potential Health Risk Associated with Exposure to
            <i>Cryptosporidium</i>
            and
            <i>Giardia</i>
            in These Waters

Schets, Franciska M.; Wijnen, J.H. van; Schijven, Jack; Schoon, Heinz-Adolf; Husman, Ana Maria de Roda

doi:10.1128/aem.01609-07

Cited by 113 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 41 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Nevertheless, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in base flow samples is similar to data in recent reports for the occurrence of Cryptosporidium detected by PCR in river water samples in Japan (69%) and Portugal (Ͼ33%) (1,29). Similar high prevalence values (56 to 100%) for Cryptosporidium oocysts in river water were also obtained by using microscopy in some recent studies conducted in the United States, Canada, Spain, The Netherlands, Brazil, Taiwan, and Japan (2,7,12,15,20,35,41,46,50). In this study, as expected, a much higher prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts was detected by PCR in water samples collected at the five sampling sites during storm flow (82%) than during base flow (42%).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Cryptosporidium Source Tracking in the Potomac River Watershed

Yang

Chen²,

Villegas

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To better characterize Cryptosporidium in the Potomac River watershed, a PCR-based genotyping tool was used to analyze 64 base flow and 28 storm flow samples from five sites in the watershed. These sites included two water treatment plant intakes, as well as three upstream sites, each associated with a different type of land use. The uses, including urban wastewater, agricultural (cattle) wastewater, and wildlife, posed different risks in terms of the potential contribution of Cryptosporidium oocysts to the source water. Cryptosporidium was detected in 27 base flow water samples and 23 storm flow water samples. The most frequently detected species was C. andersoni (detected in 41 samples), while 14 other species or genotypes, almost all wildlife associated, were occasionally detected. The two common human-pathogenic species, C. hominis and C. parvum, were not detected. Although C. andersoni was common at all four sites influenced by agriculture, it was largely absent at the urban wastewater site. There were very few positive samples as determined by Environmental Protection Agency method 1623 at any site; only 8 of 90 samples analyzed (9%) were positive for Cryptosporidium as determined by microscopy. The genotyping results suggest that many of the Cryptosporidium oocysts in the water treatment plant source waters were from old calves and adult cattle and might not pose a significant risk to human health.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Cryptosporidium Source Tracking in the Potomac River Watershed

Yang

Chen²,

Villegas

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…High prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in river water was also obtained in some other studies conducted in the United States (99%) (Keeley and Faulkner 2008), Spain (63.5%) (Carmena et al 2007), Netherlands (100%) (Schets et al 2008), Brazil (100%) (Franco et al 2001), Taiwan (72.2%) (Hsu et al 1999), and Japan (100%) (Hashimoto et al 2002). According to our field investigation, animal breeding activities are extensive near the rivers which flow into the midstream section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (Fig.…”

Section: Initial Precision and Recovery Of Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocmentioning

confidence: 69%

Occurrences and genotypes of Cryptosporidium oocysts in river network of southern-eastern China

Xiao

Chen

et al. 2011

Parasitol Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Transportation of Cryptosporidium oocysts in river type source water is of great concern in an area where extensive human activities exist. In this study, a total of 47 samples were collected from Tongxiang, China, where drinking source water was taken from a complicated river network system, by three sampling campaigns over a rainy season in 2009, to reveal the presence, genotypes, and likely source of Cryptosporidium oocysts in river water. Immunofluorescence microscopy analyses show that 37 (78.7%) were Cryptosporidium positive, with a mean concentration of 0.51 oocysts per liter. These results suggest that the protozoa were commonly distributed in the river network type source water of Tongxiang with a relatively low concentration level. PCR analysis was used to determine the species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium, which revealed the presence of the animal related species/ genotypes including Cryptosporidium suis, Cryptosporidium fragile, and the avian III, pig II, cervine genotypes. Three of them were also detected in wastewater samples taken from neighboring animal farms, showing that farm animals rather than human might be the major pollution sources. This is the first report on simultaneous detection and genotyping of Cryptosporidium oocysts from surface water in China.

show abstract

“…Exposure to waterborne pathogens in surface water may lead to adverse health effects and may result in symptoms such as nausea, fever, and diarrhea or more severe illness among recreants like bathers, divers, boaters, and anglers (Schets et al 2008). Water-related diseases are associated with exposure to water environments in many other ways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular detection of three gastroenteritis viruses in urban surface waters in Beijing and correlation with levels of fecal indicator bacteria

Wei

et al. 2011

Environ Monit Assess

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To assess the presence of three gastroenteritis viruses responsible for human acute gastroenteritis in surface water, a 1-year study was carried out in the city of Beijing, China. A total of 108 urban surface water samples were collected from nine collection sites which were defined with a global positioning system in rivers or lakes from September 2006 to August 2007. The water samples were subjected to virus concentration using an HA electronegative filter, followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for rotavirus (RV) astrovirus (AV), and norovirus (NV). It showed that the number of viruses detected in water samples from different sites was variable, totaling 63 virus strains, with rotavirus (48.1%) verified as the most prevalent detected, followed by astrovirus (AV, 5.6%), and norovirus (NV, 4.6%). RV was also quantified by real-time PCR and the concentration of RV ranged from 0 to 18.27 genome copies·L −1 . And the distributions of RV in surface water were abundant in cold weather (from September to February) while less prevailing in warm weather (from March to August). The high detection rate of RV we encountered in this study provided convincing evidence that RV circulated at a certain frequency in the Beijing population. There was no statistically significant correlation between RV levels and both fecal coliform (R 2 =0.02) and Enterococcus faecalis (R 2 =0.02) densities. Our study suggests prolonged virus persistence in aquatic environments and emphasizes the enteric virus group as the most reliable for environmental monitoring.

show abstract

Monitoring of Waterborne Pathogens in Surface Waters in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and the Potential Health Risk Associated with Exposure to Cryptosporidium and Giardia in These Waters

Cited by 113 publications

References 41 publications

Cryptosporidium Source Tracking in the Potomac River Watershed

Cryptosporidium Source Tracking in the Potomac River Watershed

Occurrences and genotypes of Cryptosporidium oocysts in river network of southern-eastern China

Molecular detection of three gastroenteritis viruses in urban surface waters in Beijing and correlation with levels of fecal indicator bacteria

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About