Monitoring of selected pharmaceuticals in surface waters of Croatia

Abstract

Sulfonamides, macrolides, torasemide, fumagillin, and chloramphenicol were simultaneously analyzed in surface water samples by using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and reversed-phase (RP) liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). In the pre-concentration and clean-up process, the pH value of samples and volume of the solvent for extraction of analytes from cartridge were optimized. Extraction recoveries were high with values in the range from 62 to 115%. Limits of quantification (LoQ) were in the range from 0.02 to 0.2 μg L. Repeatability of the method was evaluated at LoQ and expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD). Calculated RSDs were low with values in the range from 2.4 to 14.5%. The method was successfully applied for analysis of surface water real samples. Samples were collected along the rivers in Croatia on four sampling sites in 2012 in Danube catchment areas, 19 sampling sites in Danube and Adriatic catchment areas in 2013, and another 19 places in 2014. Altogether, 20 target compounds were analyzed in 148 water samples and detected in 31 samples in range (0.1-5.3) μg L or in 20.1% of samples. The most frequent and highest concentrations were detected for macrolide antibiotics. This is the first attempt of such monitoring in surface waters in Croatia.

Fumagillin, a Mycotoxin of Aspergillus fumigatus: Biosynthesis, Biological Activities, Detection, and Applications

“…Fumagillin has been widely employed as an antimicrobial agent with honeybees and fish; thus, most analytical methods have been developed for its identification in these matrices. Although these methods are usually only intended for fumagillin's detection, it has also been analyzed together with bicyclohexylamine [54], a toxic compound used as counter ion in commercial formulations, or together with other residues in honey [55], surface waters [56], and dairy products [57].…”

“…Toxins 2020, 12, 7 6 of 26 Furthermore, they used the potassium adduct (m/z 497) and a fragment (m/z 427) for confirmation. All the tandem MS (MS/MS) methods for the analysis of fumagillin use the protonated molecule as the precursor ion but different transitions are monitored for quantitative purposes: 459.2 > 177.0 [52], 459.1 > 233.3 [55], 459.2 > 131 [49], or 459 > 427 [56]. In addition to these quantitation transitions 459.1 > 215.3 and 459.2 > 102.8 transitions have been used for the confirmation analysis.…”

“…In this review, the open reading frame (ORF), gene, and protein names of NCBI Database [65], Aspergillus Genome Database [66], and UniprotKB Database [67] were used, respectively. [49], or 459 > 427 [56]. In addition to these quantitation transitions 459.1 > 215.3 and 459.2 > 102.8 transitions have been used for the confirmation analysis.…”

Geo-referenced simulation of pharmaceuticals in whole watersheds: application of GREAT-ER 4.1 in Germany

“…In the last years, numerous papers have been published demonstrating the ubiquitous presence of pharmaceutically active substances in surface waters all over the world (e.g., Ivešić et al 2017 ; Chiffre et al 2016 ; Nebot et al 2015 ). The monitoring data show a large variability of micropollutants’ surface water concentrations in time and space.…”

Degradação de cloranfenicol por fotocatálise heterogênea em diferentes matrizes aquosas: avaliação dos parâmetros operacionais, toxicidade e identificação dos produtos de transformação

“…Assim, mesmo que algum contaminante emergente apresente baixo risco à saúde humana devido à concentração em que se encontra no meio, os efeitos de bioacumulação e biomagnificação são preocupantes (SODRÉ et al, 2007;MIRANDA, 2014;YANG et al, 2017 (MELO et al, 2009). 1950(AJIT et al, 2006CHATZITAKIS et al, 2008;HANEKAMP;BAST, 2015;DINOS et al, 2016;TAHRANI et al, 2016;IVESIÉ et al, 2017). (ANDRADE et al, 2006;CHATZITAKIS et al, 2008;LOFRANO et al, 2016;TAHRANI et al, 2016).…”