Monitoring of microplastics in the clam Donax cuneatus and its habitat in Tuticorin coast of Gulf of Mannar (GoM), India

Widespread occurrence of microplastics in marine bays with diverse drivers and environmental risk

“…The dominance of PE and PP is related to the scale of their global manufacture and use (Koelmans et al, 2019). In particular, PE and PP accounted for 50 % of China's plastic consumption in 2018 (Xu et al, 2020), and PE represented 49 % of European demand for plastics in 2016 (Sathish et al, 2020). Lower similarity of polymer composition between bays indicates the geographical differences in the sources of microplastics, and similar sources may occur in bays belonging to the same cluster.…”

“…The HHPs vary among bays, which needs to be considered in the development of control measures. For example, PVC was the most common form of highhazard polymer in Bohai Bay, Aiguillon Bay and Jiaozhou Bay (Ouyang et al, 2020;Phuong et al, 2018;Wu et al, 2020), but in Guanabara Bay and Mannar Gulf it was PES (Alves and Figueiredo, 2019;Sathish et al, 2020) and in Blair Bay and Haikou Bay it was PU (Goswami et al, 2020;Qi et al, 2020). It is worth noting that plastic waste generated on land or bay will continue to grow with increased population and increased per capita consumption due to economic growth (Jambeck et al, 2015).…”

Microplastics as contaminants in Indian environment: a review

“…Based on the literature review for MP sampling in Indian beaches, it is observed that variable sampling procedures were used by different researchers. Sampling was done using forceps, non-plastic spoon, spatula, tweezers or shovel from quadrants of various sizes like 25 × 25 cm 2 , 30 × 30 cm 2 , 50 × 50 cm 2 , 1 × 1 m 2 and 2 × 2 m 2 (Jayasiri et al 2013a ; Veerasingam et al 2016a , b ; Dowarah and Devipriya 2019 ; Sathish et al 2019 , 2020c ; Ashwini and Varghese 2019 ; Jeyasanta et al 2020b ; Sundar et al 2020 ; Maharana et al 2020 ; Robin et al 2020 ). Collection of deep sea sediment samples was preferably done using a vessel and specialized equipment including the Van Veen grab sampler, the Peterson grab sampler and a box corer (Sruthy and Ramasamy 2017 ; Goswami et al 2020 ; Jeyasanta et al 2020a ; James et al 2020 ; Patterson et al 2020 ).…”

“…MP samples in Indian marine waters were collected using different techniques comprising manual collection in glass bottles (Sathish et al 2020c ; Ganesan et al 2019 ) or using a boat equipped with various types of nets such as manta trawl net, neuston net and plankton net of different mesh sizes (Patterson et al 2019 , 2020 ; Goswami et al 2020 ; Sathish et al 2020b ; Jeyasanta et al 2020a ; James et al 2020 ; Robin et al 2020 ) or using a Teflon pump and subsequent filtration through stainless steel sieves (Selvam et al 2020a ). After collection, samples were either refrigerated or additional preservation was done by adding 4–5% formalin (James et al 2020 ; Selvam et al 2020a ) or 5% formaldehyde solution (Sathish et al 2020b ; Patterson et al 2019 ).…”

Immunotoxicity of Perfluorooctanoic Acid to the Marine Bivalve Species Ruditapes philippinarum

“…The immune capacities of filter‐feeding bivalves may be affected by variable marine environmental conditions. In bivalves, immunity is mainly supported by hemocytes, and relevant indices including hemocyte proliferation, phagocytosis, and immune enzyme activities have also been suggested to be bioindicators of POP exposure, although not integrated (Hannam, Bamber, Galloway, et al, 2010; Hannam, Bamber, Moody, et al, 2010; Narmatha Sathish et al, 2020; R. Xu et al, 2020). The bivalve R. philippinarum is a eurythermal (5–35 ºC) and euryhaline (19–26 PSU [practical salinity unit]) filter suspension–feeding species (López et al, 2010; Tan et al, 2020).…”