Monitoring of HIV-Spread in Regional Populations of Injecting Drug Users — the Berlin Experience

Bschor, F; Bornemann, Reinhard; Borowski, Ch.; Schneider, Victoria

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-9173-6_12

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…This study of fatal accidental drug overdoses foimd an overall HIV seroprevalence rate of 30%. This rate is consistent with the higher rates found among live intravenous users in Europe and in the borough of Queens in New York City from 1985-90 (5)(6)(7)(8). The highest rates of HIV infections were found for victims 25-54 years of age.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

HIV infection among victims of accidental fatal drug overdoses in New York City

Tardiff

Marzuk²,

Leon³

et al. 1997

Addiction

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If opiate abuse continues to rise in the United States, HIV infection will increase in the next few years. Women who abuse drugs participate in risky sexual practices and are more likely than men to develop HIV infection from receptive sex as well as sharing of needles. Harm reduction programs should address risky sex as well as needle programs. There should be further study of why African-Americans who died of drug overdoses have the highest rates of HIV infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

HIV infection among victims of accidental fatal drug overdoses in New York City

Tardiff

Marzuk²,

Leon³

et al. 1997

Addiction

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“…Another study from Berlin also reported that the percentage of HIV-positives among intravenous drug deaths was essentially the same as that among living intravenous drug users, i.e. 20-30% (Bschor et al, 1991). This indicates that drugs are sufficient for and that HIV does not contribute to AIDS-defining diseases and deaths of drug addicts.…”

Section: Long-term Intravenous Drug Use Sufficient For Aids-defining mentioning

confidence: 94%

Aids acquired by drug consumption and other noncontagious risk factors

Duesberg

1992

Pharmacology & Therapeutics

125

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The hypothesis that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a new, sexually transmitted virus that causes AIDS has been entirely unproductive in terms of public health benefits. Moreover, it fails to predict the epidemiology of AIDS, the annual AIDS risk and the very heterogeneous AIDS diseases of infected persons. The correct hypothesis must explain why: (1) AIDS includes 25 previously known diseases and two clinically and epidemiologically very different epidemics, one in America and Europe, the other in Africa; (2) almost all American (90%) and European (86%) AIDS patients are males over the age of 20, while African AIDS affects both sexes equally; (3) the annual AIDS risks of infected babies, intravenous drug users, homosexuals who use aphrodisiacs, hemophiliacs and Africans vary over 100-fold; (4) many AIDS patients have diseases that do not depend on immunodeficiency, such as Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, dementia and wasting; (5) the AIDS diseases of Americans (97%) and Europeans (87%) are predetermined by prior health risks, including long-term consumption of illicit recreational drugs, the antiviral drug AZT and congenital deficiencies like hemophilia, and those of Africans are Africa-specific. Both negative and positive evidence shows that AIDS is not infectious: (1) the virus hypothesis fails all conventional criteria of causation; (2) over 100-fold different AIDS risks in different risk groups show that HIV is not sufficient for AIDS; (3) AIDS is only 'acquired,' if at all, years after HIV is neutralized by antibodies; (4) AIDS is new but HIV is a long-established, perinatally transmitted retrovirus; (5) alternative explanations disprove all assumptions and anecdotal cases cited in support of the virus hypothesis; (6) all AIDS-defining diseases occur in matched risk groups, at the same rate, in the absence of HIV; (7) there is no common, active microbe in all AIDS patients; (8) AIDS manifests in unpredictable and unrelated diseases; and (9) it does not spread randomly between the sexes in America and Europe. Based on numerous data documenting that drugs are necessary for HIV-positives and sufficient for HIV-negatives to develop AIDS diseases, it is proposed that all American/European AIDS diseases, that exceed their normal background, result from recreational and anti-HIV drugs. African AIDS is proposed to result from protein malnutrition, poor sanitation and subsequent parasitic infections. This hypothesis resolves all paradoxes of the virus-AIDS hypothesis. It is epidemiologically and experimentally testable and provides a rational basis for AIDS control.

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