Monitoring of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk during four seasons in Croatia

Bilandžić, Nina; Varenina, Ivana; Kolanović, Božica Solomun; Božić, Đurđica; Đokić, Mаја; Sedak, Marija; Tanković, Sanin; Potočnjak, Dalibor; Cvetnić, Željko

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.02.015

Cited by 37 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Severe drought may increase the risk of aflatoxin contamination [49]. Indeed, according to the studies from Croatia, 33% of cow milk samples collected in the eastern region during spring [18] and 9.32% samples in autumn [17] exceeded AFM 1 levels established by the EU. We here showed that, in the autumn, AFM 1 levels in only 1 milk sample (1.19%) exceeded the Codex Alimentarius and USA set maximum (500 ng/L).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, several surveys concerning AFM 1 contamination and its presence in milk and dairy products have been conducted in Croatia [16][17][18], Serbia [19], Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.13/March-2020/6.pdf Italy [20][21][22], France [23], Spain [24], Greece [25], Iran [26][27][28], Pakistan [29][30][31], and Turkey [32,33]. Due to the potential toxicity of AFM 1 , most countries have set maximum permissible levels for AFM 1 in milk and milk products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence and seasonal variation of aflatoxin M1 in raw cow milk collected from different regions of Algeria

et al. 2020

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Background and Aim: Aflatoxins are metabolites of molds that exert potentially toxic effect on animals and humans. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw cow milk collected during 1 year (2016-2017) from different regions of Algeria and risk factors associated with the contamination. Materials and Methods: During the survey period, 84 samples of raw milk were collected in three regions of Algeria (northeast, north center, and northwest) during four seasons. AFM1 levels were analyzed by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: AFM1 was detected in 39 (46.43%) samples (total mean concentration, 71.92 ng/L; range, 95.59-557.22 ng/L). However, the AFM1 levels exceeded the maximum tolerance limit set by the Food and Drug Administration in the USA (500 ng/L) in only 1 sample (1.19%). Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p<0.005) between AFM1 levels in milk samples collected in the spring and autumn. The mean AFM1 levels in samples collected in the spring were significantly higher than those in samples collected in autumn. Conclusion: The survey indicates that farmers involved in milk production should be made aware of the adverse effects of aflatoxin contamination in animal feed. A systematic control program of supplementary feedstuff for lactating cows should be introduced by the public health authorities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and seasonal variation of aflatoxin M1 in raw cow milk collected from different regions of Algeria

et al. 2020

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“…The reason for this relates to lower availability of fresh green feed in winter, with the risk of aflatoxin contamination of silage and other stored feedstuffs being higher. High levels of AFM1 contamination in raw milk occur when cows are fed with highly contaminated feedstuffs [ 33 ]. It can be concluded that a low occurrence of AFM1 concentrations is the consequence of the systematic control of aflatoxin B1 in primary production of feed for dairy cows [ 34 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk from Manufacturers of Infant Milk Powder in China

Wang

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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This survey was performed to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination of raw milk from manufacturers of infant milk powder in China. A total of 1207 raw milk samples were collected overall from four seasons of 2016 in Northeast China, Northwest China, Northern China, and Central China (11 provinces and one municipality). Results showed that 56 of the 1207 raw milk samples (4.64%) were positive for AFM1, which were obtained from Heilongjiang (two samples), Gansu (one sample), Shaanxi (46 samples), Beijing (one sample), and Hunan (six samples) provinces. None of the raw milk samples from manufacturers of infant milk powder exceeded the Chinese limit (62.5 ng/L) in 2016. Only a few raw milk samples were not suitable for use in infant milk according to EU (European Union) or U.S. infant milk limits. Furthermore, based on this survey and previous studies, it is particularly important to avoid AFM1 contamination in raw milk during the winter.

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“…(2014) Croatia Eastern 2013 3,736 3,736 (100%) 1,039 (27.9%) NA 1,135.0 Bilandžić et al. (2014) Croatia Western, Eastern, and other regions 2013–2014 3,543 3,543 (100%) 117 (3.4%) NA 764.4 Bilandžić et al. (2015) Ethiopia Greater Addis Ababa 2014–2015 110 110 (100%) 101 (91.9%) 19 (17.3%) 4,980 Gizachew et al.…”

Section: The Risk Of Afm1 Contamination In Raw Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of aflatoxin B1 biotransformation and aflatoxin M1 secretion in lactating dairy cows

Fink‐Gremmels

et al. 2021

Animal Nutrition

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Milk is considered a perfect natural food for humans and animals. However, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminating the feeds fed to lactating dairy cows can introduce aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), the main toxic metabolite of aflatoxins into the milk, consequently posing a risk to human health. As a result of AFM1 monitoring in raw milk worldwide, it is evident that high AFM1 concentrations exist in raw milk in many countries. Thus, the incidence of AFM1 in milk from dairy cows should not be underestimated. To further optimize the intervention strategies, it is necessary to better understand the metabolism of AFB1 and its biotransformation into AFM1 and the specific secretion pathways in lactating dairy cows. The metabolism of AFB1 and its biotransformation into AFM1 in lactating dairy cows are drawn in this review. Furthermore, recent data provide evidence that in the mammary tissue of lactating dairy cows, aflatoxins significantly increase the activity of a protein, ATP-binding cassette super-family G member 2 (ABCG2), an efflux transporter known to facilitate the excretion of various xenobiotics and veterinary drugs into milk. Further research should focus on identifying and understanding the factors that affect the expression of ABCG2 in the mammary gland of cows.

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Monitoring of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk during four seasons in Croatia

Cited by 37 publications

References 29 publications

Occurrence and seasonal variation of aflatoxin M1 in raw cow milk collected from different regions of Algeria

Occurrence and seasonal variation of aflatoxin M1 in raw cow milk collected from different regions of Algeria

Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk from Manufacturers of Infant Milk Powder in China

An overview of aflatoxin B1 biotransformation and aflatoxin M1 secretion in lactating dairy cows

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