Monitoring Insecticide Susceptibility in Aedes Aegypti Populations from the Two Biggest Cities, Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso, in Burkina Faso: Implication of Metabolic Resistance

Abstract

In West Africa, Aedes aegypti remains the major vector of dengue virus. Since 2013, dengue fever has been reemerging in Burkina Faso with annual outbreaks, thus becoming a major public health problem. Its control relies on vector control, which is unfortunately facing the problem of insecticide resistance. At the time of this study, although data on phenotypic resistance were available, information related to the metabolic resistance in Aedes populations from Burkina Faso remained very scarce. Here, we assessed the phenotypic and the metabolic resistance of Ae. aegypti populations sampled from the two main urban areas (Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso) of Burkina Faso. Insecticide susceptibility bioassays to chlorpyriphos-methyl 0.4%, bendiocarb 0.1% and deltamethrin 0.05% were performed on natural populations of Ae. aegypti using the WHO protocol. The activity of enzymes involved in the rapid detoxification of insecticides, especially non-specific esterases, oxidases (cytochrome P450) and glutathione-S-transferases, was measured on individual mosquitos. The mortality rates for deltamethrin 0.05% were low and ranged from 20.72% to 89.62% in the Bobo-Dioulasso and Ouagadougou sites, respectively. When bendiocarb 0.1% was tested, the mortality rates ranged from 7.73% to 71.23%. Interestingly, in the two urban areas, mosquitoes were found to be fully susceptible to chlorpyriphos-methyl 0.4%. Elevated activity of non-specific esterases and glutathione-S-transferases was reported, suggesting multiple resistance mechanisms involved in Ae. aegypti populations from Bobo-Dioulasso and Ouagadougou (including cytochrome P450). This update to the insecticide resistance status within Ae. aegypti populations in the two biggest cities is important to better plan dengue vectors control in the country and provides valuable information for improving vector control strategies in Burkina Faso, West Africa.

Multiple insecticide resistance and first evidence of V410L kdr mutation in Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) from Burkina Faso

“…aegypti is known to be occur worldwide (Moyes et al, 2017) but its arrival in West Africa is relatively recent in Senegal (Sene et al, 2021), in Ghana (Kawada et al, 2016), and Cote d'Ivoire (Konan et al, 2021). Recent studies by Badolo et al (Badolo et al, 2019), Namountougou et al (Namountougou et al, 2020), and Sombie (Sombie et al, 2019) have reported resistance to both pyrethroid I and II types in the two largest cities, Ouagadougou and Bobo‐Dioulasso. Burkina Faso has no history of pyrethroids used against in Ae.…”

“…Recent reports investigating the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti in Burkina Faso, suggested that they are highly resistance to pyrethroids, moderately resistance to carbamates but remain susceptible to organophosphate insecticides (Badolo et al, 2019, Namountougou et al, 2020, Sombie et al, 2019). Here, we provide recent data on resistance to the main insecticide classes status in Ae.…”

Spatiotemporal distribution and insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in Ghana

“…aegypti , and their insecticide susceptibility, in rural, suburban, and urban sites in different ecological zones of Ghana. In addition to identifying targets and options for control, the results will also aid the development of a surveillance system for Aedes as vectors of arboviruses for the planning of disease control in Ghana [ 51 , 52 ].…”

Insecticide resistance status and mechanisms in Aedes aegypti populations from Senegal

“…To our knowledge, apart from one study performed in Burkina Faso, no other report on Ae . aegypti detoxification genes expression exists for other West African countries [ 23 , 24 ].…”