Monitoring Gender Equity in Health Using Gender-Sensitive Indicators: A Cross-National Study

Diaz-Granados, Natalia; Pitzul, Kristen B.; Dorado, Linda; Wang, Feng; McDermott, Sarah; Rondón, Marta B.; Posada‐Villa, José; Saavedra, Javier E.; Torres, Yolanda; Meules, Marie Des; Stewart, Donna E.

doi:10.1089/jwh.2010.2057

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The research community often fails to recognize the interaction between gender, social factors and health outcomes. Despite the clear need for such information to shape programs, sex-disaggregated data is still not systematically collected [6,9].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evaluating the health impact of these gender inequities is undermined by the lack of consensus regarding the most relevant indicators and how best to interpret these measures. Some authors have suggested a comprehensive mix of indicators including health status (maternal mortality as well as rates of sexual violence), health system data (insurance coverage, catastrophic expenditures, consultations), literacy and education, socio-economic status and employment, and political empowerment [9,19]. However, health information systems and other mechanisms to gather routine data are disrupted in conflictaffected environments and sex-disaggregated information is scarce.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is particularly the case in post-conflict contexts, where the conflict may have altered population patterns and health trends. However, health information is not always available in a manner that provides policy makers with the tools to identify gender differences in health, compare across contexts, [44] analyse the reasons for those differences, and respond accordingly.…”

Section: Health Information Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health systems and gender in post-conflict contexts: building back better?

et al. 2014

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The post-conflict or post-crisis period provides the opportunity for wide-ranging public sector reforms: donors fund rebuilding and reform efforts, social norms are in a state of flux, and the political climate may be conducive to change. This reform period presents favourable circumstances for the promotion of gender equity in multiple social arenas, including the health system. As part of a larger research project that explores whether and how gender equity considerations are taken into account in the reconstruction and reform of health systems in conflict-affected and post conflict countries, we undertook a narrative literature review based on the questions "How gender sensitive is the reconstruction and reform of health systems in post conflict countries, and what factors need to be taken into consideration to build a gender equitable health system?" We used the World Health Organisation's (WHO) six building blocks as a framework for our analysis; these six building blocks are: 1) health service delivery/provision, 2) human resources, 3) health information systems, 4) health system financing, 5) medical products and technologies, and 6) leadership and governance. The limited literature on gender equity in health system reform in post conflict settings demonstrates that despite being an important political and social objective of the international community's engagement in conflict-affected states, gender equity has not been fully integrated into post-conflict health system reform. Our review was therefore iterative in nature: To establish what factors need to be taken into consideration to build gender equitable health systems, we reviewed health system reforms in low and middle-income settings. We found that health systems literature does not sufficiently address the issue of gender equity. With this finding, we reflected on the key components of a gender-equitable health system that should be considered as part of health system reform in conflict-affected and post-conflict states. Given the benefits of gender equity for broader social and economic well-being, it is clearly in the interests of donors and policy makers to address this oversight in future health reform efforts.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Health Information Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health systems and gender in post-conflict contexts: building back better?

et al. 2014

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“…These relative disadvantages for women in terms of wages and employment are closely linked to high levels of mortality during and after childbirth (Shen & Williamson, 1999;United Nations [UN], 1990). Addressing gender-sensitive indicators is vital for assessing the poor health outcomes of mothers (Diaz-Granados et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender gap matters in maternal mortality in low and lower-middle-income countries: A study of the global Gender Gap Index

Choe

Cho

Kim

2016

Global Public Health

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Reducing maternal mortality has been a crucial part of the global development agenda. According to modernisation theory, the effect of gender equality on maternal health may differ depending on a country's economic development status. We explored the correlation between the Global Gender Gap Index (GGI) provided by the World Economic Forum and the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) obtained from the World Development Indicators database of the World Bank. The relationships between each score in the GGI, including its four sub-indices (measuring gender gaps in economic participation, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment), and the MMR were analysed. When the countries were stratified by gross national income per capita, the low and lower-middle-income countries had lower scores in the GGI, and lower scores in the economic participation, educational attainment, and political empowerment sub-indices than the high-income group. Among the four sub-indices, the educational attainment sub-index showed a significant inverse correlation with the MMR in low and lower-middle-income countries when controlling for the proportion of skilled birth attendance and public share of health expenditure. This finding suggests that strategic efforts to reduce the gender gap in educational attainment could lead to improvements in maternal health in low and lower-middle-income countries.

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“…[1] Not only are women more likely to have higher rates of blindness, but they are also less likely to access appropriate eye services. Several studies have documented such disparities.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential cataract blindness by sex in India: Evidence from two large national surveys

Pant

Bandyopadhyay

John

et al. 2017

Indian J Ophthalmol

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Aims:Women suffer disproportionately more from cataract blindness compared to males in low- and middle-income countries. Two large population-based surveys have been undertaken in India at an interval of 7 years and data from these surveys provided an opportunity to assess the trends in gender differentials in cataract blindness.Materials and Methods:Data were extracted from the surveys to discern sex differences in cataract blindness. Multivariate analysis was performed to adjust for confounders and their impact on gender differences in cataract blindness. Blindness was defined as presenting vision <20/400 in the better eye, and a cataract blind person was defined as a blind person where the principal cause of loss of vision was cataract.Results:Prevalence of cataract blindness was higher in females compared to males in both surveys. The odds of cataract blindness for females did not change over time as observed in the surveys (1999–2001 and 2006–2007). Adjusted odds ratio from logistic regression analysis revealed that females continued to be at a higher risk of cataract blindness.Conclusions:Sex differences continued in India in relation to cataract blindness despite the gains made by the national program.

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Monitoring Gender Equity in Health Using Gender-Sensitive Indicators: A Cross-National Study

Cited by 22 publications

References 21 publications

Health systems and gender in post-conflict contexts: building back better?

Health systems and gender in post-conflict contexts: building back better?

Gender gap matters in maternal mortality in low and lower-middle-income countries: A study of the global Gender Gap Index

Differential cataract blindness by sex in India: Evidence from two large national surveys

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