Monitoring Fluid Therapy and Complications of Fluid Therapy

Administration of 5% human serum albumin in critically ill small animal patients with hypoalbuminemia: 418 dogs and 170 cats (1994-2008)

“…[35][36][37] Weekly follow-up after HSA infusion is recommended, and owners and referring veterinarians must be informed about the risk and nature of delayed reactions. 32 In the current study, mean serum albumin concentrations increased during administration of 5% HSA. Several days were required to reach 20 g/L in most animals, with a maximum of 11 days for dogs and 7 days for cats.…”

“…The safety and efficacy of HSA in veterinary medicine are controversial. 4,17,32 The current study is noteworthy because it suggests that the risk: benefit ratio of HSA in critically ill dogs and cats might be more favorable than has been supposed. 34,36,37 Within the limitations of the study, albumin infusion was found to be safe in this patient group within the study period.…”

“…As in human medicine, its use is controversial, 4,17,32,33 but a significant element of the veterinary controversy revolves around safety, because of the potential for severe hypersensitivity reactions to a foreign blood protein. 32 Infusion of 25% HSA provoked a strong IgG antibody response in dogs, peaking several weeks after administration. 34 Severe immediate and delayed adverse reactions [35][36][37] have been reported in both critically ill 4,5,35 and healthy 36,37 dogs.…”

“…5 Current recommendations are that 25% HSA should only be administered to dogs and cats if the potential benefits are likely to exceed the potential risks. 32,35 The use of iso-oncotic (5%) HSA in veterinary patients has not been reported, and HSA infusion has been reported in only 2 cats. 5 The objectives of this retrospective study were: (1) to describe the administration of 5% HSA as a constant-rate infusion (CRI) in a large group of critically ill, hypoalbuminemic dogs and cats; (2) to report short-term outcomes; (3) to report changes in serum albumin concentrations during infusion; and (4) to report adverse events recorded during hospitalization.…”

Semiquantitative acid–base analysis in dogs with typical hypoadrenocorticism

“…The metabolic acidosis noted in 40–60% 1,4 of dogs with HA has commonly been attributed to impaired renal hydrogen ion secretion in conjunction with hypovolemia and hypotension resulting in lactic acidosis 2,5–8 . Aldosterone promotes distal nephron hydrogen ion and potassium secretion and, thus, hypoaldosteronism results in type 4 renal tubular acidosis with metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia 9–11 . Concurrently, hyperkalemia impairs synthesis and excretion of ammonium ions, which further exacerbates the metabolic acidosis 11,12 .…”