Monitoring Environmental Justice

Environmental justice in the context of planning

“…These criteria mentioned in Table 1 emanate from the debates on EJ (Tyler, 1988;Konow, 2001;Nussbaum, 2001;Schlosberg, 2004;Boone, 2008;Sen, 2009;Sudonienè & Matonienè, 2009;Beyazit, 2011;Conrad, 2011;Fredericks, 2011;Laurent, 2011;Millner, 2011;Urkidi & Walter, 2011;Whyte, 2011;He & Sikor, 2015;Peeters et al, 2015).…”

“…These two definitions present EJ with three dimensions that address the flaws of the original EJ concept that became peculiar to distribution. However, the existing literature introduces other definitions that highlight the lenses of restorative (Fredericks, 2011;Conrad, 2011), substantive, precaution, fair redress and compensation (Millner, 2011), recognitive, corrective (Whyte, 2011) and capability (Schlosberg, 2013) approaches. These new lenses introduced the multiplicity or plurality of EJ in planning, decision-making, and implementation.…”

Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: Accounting for Diversity in Environmental Justice Screening Tools: Toward Multiple Indices of Disproportionate Impact

“…A typology of environmental justice areas might fall along any number of dimensions, and recent scholarship on risk assessment in environmental justice communities provides valuable starting points for determining the basis of possible typologies (e.g., Burger and Gochfeld, 2011;Gochfeld and Burger, 2011). However, instead of deciding a priori what the range of disproportionate-impact indicators and indices should include, the EPA should take an inductive and participatory approach, consulting not only with academic experts and local agencies, but also with grassroots environmental justice networks, activists, and advocates themselves (see also Fredericks, 2011). The names and compositions of some of the major environmental justice networks-such as the Indigenous Environmental Network or the Southwest Network for Environmental and Economic Justice-reflect cultural or regional similarities that might suggest some of the possible categories, but classifications would not likely correspond neatly to such alliances.…”

“…On the other hand, would the introduction of categories of environmental justice communities still risk eliding differences and "spatially projecting" one kind of community onto another? Moreover, as recent scholarship has pointed out, defining disproportionately impacted communities in spatial terms may miss important impacts that are dispersed within such communities or that do not correspond neatly to spatially defined communities , and it risks overlooking the multiple scales at which disproportionate impacts may be generated or experienced (Fredericks, 2011). Finally, an alternative screening tool based on the EPA's conventional data might still overlook problems of importance to individual communities, such as noise, odors, or vacant land (NEJAC, 2010).…”

Ethics in Agenda 21

“…To narrow the scope of this section while still providing an illustration of the promise of the ethics of Agenda 21, I draw upon my earlier research on the subject (Fredericks, 2008(Fredericks, , 2011(Fredericks, , 2012(Fredericks, , 2014 but focus here on the ethical priorities of responsibility and equity.…”