“…The low cost, noncontact, and rapid acquisition of the leaf's external features are the major advantages of machine vision, however, the lack of information about the internal composition and structure of the leaf limits its identification accuracy (Taghizadeh et al, 2011;Pandey et al, 2017). In recent years, spectroscopic techniques, such as near-infrared spectroscopy and reflectance spectroscopy, have been widely used in plant DS assessment because of their simplicity, speediness, and zero reagent consumption, these techniques provide information on the stretching vibrations of hydrogen-containing functional groups, such as C-H, N-H, S-H, and O-H (Steidle Neto et al, 2017;Li P, et al, 2020;Das et al, 2021;Raddi et al, 2022). Nevertheless, the techniques cannot precisely locate the leaf on the designated plant.…”