Monitoring chemical reactions at a liquid–solid interface: Water on CuIn(S,Se)2 thin film solar cell absorbers

Heske, Clemens; Groh, U.; Fuchs, O.; Weinhardt, L.; Umbach, E.; Schedel‐Niedrig, Th.; Fischer, Ch.‐H.; Lux‐Steiner, Martha Ch.; Zweigart, S.; Niesen, T. P.; Karg, F.; Denlinger, Jonathan D.; Rude, B.; Andrus, C.W.; Powell, Forbes R.

doi:10.1063/1.1627328

Cited by 36 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Due to the photon-in/photon-out nature of these techniques the inelastic mean free path is long enough that a thin window membrane can be used to separate the vacuum from the probed liquid at atmospheric pressure. Several investigations of liquids using this concept can be found in the literature [9,14,21,22]. In these publications, a "static" liquid cell setup was used, which consists of a droplet of the investigated liquid sealed behind a window membrane.…”

Section: The Flow-through Liquid Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy of liquid water: Novel instrumentation, high resolution, and the “map” approach

Weinhardt

Fuchs

Blum

et al. 2010

Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena

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Abstract:Techniques to study the electronic structure of liquids are rare. Most recently, resonant x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) has been shown to be an extremely versatile spectroscopy to study both occupied and unoccupied electronic states for liquids in thermodynamic equilibrium.However, XES requires high-brilliance soft x-ray synchrotron radiation and poses significant technical challenges to maintain a liquid sample in an ultra-high vacuum environment. Our group has therefore developed and constructed a novel experimental setup for the study of liquids, with the long-term goal of investigating the electronic structure of biological systems in aqueous environments. We have developed a flow-through liquid cell in which the liquid is separated from vacuum by a thin Si 3 N 4 or SiC window and which allows a precise control of temperature.This approach has significant advantages compared to static liquids cells used in the past.Furthermore, we have designed a dedicated high-transmission, high-resolution soft x-ray spectrometer. The high transmission makes it possible to measure complete resonant XES "maps" in less than an hour, giving unprecedented detailed insight into the electronic structure of the investigated sample. Using this new equipment we have investigated the electronic structure of liquid water. Furthermore, our XES spectra and maps give information about ultra-fast dissociation on the timescale of the O 1s core hole lifetime, which is strongly affected by the initial state hydrogen bonding configuration.3

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Section: The Flow-through Liquid Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy of liquid water: Novel instrumentation, high resolution, and the “map” approach

Weinhardt

Fuchs

Blum

et al. 2010

Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena

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“…The first XES and XAS experiments on liquids were performed using static liquid cells [9,10,11,12]. In a static cell, a small amount of liquid is encapsulated behind a window membrane on a modified sample holder, which allows the introduction of the liquid cell into UHV like any other (dry) solid sample.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid and liquid spectroscopic analysis (SALSA)–a soft x-ray spectroscopy endstation with a novel flow-through liquid cell

Blum

Weinhardt

Fuchs

et al. 2009

Review of Scientific Instruments

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Abstract:We present a novel synchrotron endstation with a flow-through liquid cell designed to study the electronic structure of liquids using soft x-ray spectroscopies. In this cell, the liquid under study is separated from the vacuum by a thin window membrane, such that the sample liquid can be investigated at ambient pressure. The temperature of the probing volume can be varied in a broad range and with a fast temperature response. The optimized design of the cell significantly reduces the amount of required sample liquid and allows the use of different window membrane types necessary to cover a broad energy range. The liquid cell is integrated into the SALSA (Solid And Liquid Spectroscopic Analysis) endstation that includes a high-resolution, high-transmission x-ray spectrometer and a state-of-the-art 2 electron analyzer. The modular design of SALSA also allows the measurement of solid-state samples. The capabilities of the liquid cell and the x-ray spectrometer are demonstrated using a RIXS (resonant inelastic x-ray scattering) map of a 25 wt% NaOD solution.

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“…Thus, the information derived from XES and FY XAS spectra describes the near-surface bulk of the probed sample. Furthermore, the increased information depth forms the basis of exciting new developments in in situ XES and XAS spectroscopy using suitably designed in situ cells (see, e.g., [13][14][15][16][17][18]). While soft X-rays typically require an ultra-high-vacuum environment, these cells allow the use of XES and FY XAS of samples in non-vacuum environments, such as a PEC electrolyte.…”

Section: X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (Xas)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This allows the excitation and detection of such spectroscopies through thin membrane windows, for example, 1 mm of polyimide or 100 nm of Si 3 N 4 [13,14]. Consequently, in situ cells can be designed that allow the sample under study to be immersed in an environment different from vacuum.…”

Section: In Situ Soft X-ray Spectroscopy: a Brief Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, in situ cells can be designed that allow the sample under study to be immersed in an environment different from vacuum. While current operational in situ liquid/solid interface cells are static [14], that is, do not flow or replenish the liquid, future set-ups will include a flow-through design, as schematically depicted in Figure 6.9. In the case of PEC, it is envisioned to build a cell that flows the electrolyte (and formed gases) through a compartment housing the sample.…”

Section: In Situ Soft X-ray Spectroscopy: a Brief Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

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X-ray and Electron Spectroscopy Studies of Oxide Semiconductors for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production

Heske

Weinhardt

Bär

On Solar Hydrogen &Amp; Nanotechnology

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Monitoring chemical reactions at a liquid–solid interface: Water on CuIn(S,Se)2 thin film solar cell absorbers

Abstract: Articles you may be interested inLateral inhomogeneity of the Mg/(Zn+Mg) composition at the (Zn,Mg)O/CuIn(S,Se)2 thin-film solar cell interface revealed by photoemission electron microscopy

Cited by 36 publications

References 19 publications

Resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy of liquid water: Novel instrumentation, high resolution, and the “map” approach

Resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy of liquid water: Novel instrumentation, high resolution, and the “map” approach

Solid and liquid spectroscopic analysis (SALSA)–a soft x-ray spectroscopy endstation with a novel flow-through liquid cell

X-ray and Electron Spectroscopy Studies of Oxide Semiconductors for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production

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