Monitoring Antimicrobial Susceptibility of <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> Isolated from Bangladesh during 1997-2006: Emergence and Pattern of Drug-resistant Isolates

Abstract

Gonorrhoea is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in developing countries, and the emergence of resistance to antimicrobial agents in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major obstacle in the control of gonorrhoea. Periodical monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae is essential for the early detection of emergence of drug resistance. In total, 1,767 gonococcal strains isolated from males and females (general population and those with high-risk behaviour) from different parts of Bangladesh were studied during 1997-2006. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, spectinomycin, and azithromycin for the isolates were determined by the agar dilution method. Isolates resistant to three or more antimicrobial agents are considered multidrug-resistant. The prevalence of plasmid-mediated penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and plasmid-mediated tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG) was determined. Nine percent of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin in 1997 compared to 87% in 2006. Multidrug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae have emerged in 1997, and 44% of the strains (n=66) isolated during 2006 were multidrug-resistant. Forty-two percent of the isolates in 2006 were both PPNG- and TRNG-positive compared to none in 1997. The rapidly-changing pattern of gonococcal antimicrobial susceptibility warrants the need for an antimicrobial susceptibility-monitoring programme, and periodical analysis and dissemination of susceptibility data are essential to guide clinicians and for successful STI/HIV intervention programmes.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Bangladesh (2014 Update)

“…Multidrug resistance (against three or more antibacterial agents) was identified in 48% of isolates. Antibiotic resistance data obtained from this study are comparable to data from an earlier study (5).…”

“…In Bangladesh, N. gonorrhoeae antimicrobial susceptibility was last examined between 1997 to 2006 in female sex workers (FSWs), males having sex with males (MSMs), patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and truckers, and resistance to ciprofloxacin, penicillin, and tetracycline with reduced susceptibility to cefixime as well as multidrug resistance were reported (3)(4)(5). The present analysis was conducted to update these data so as to inform guidelines on syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) developed in 2006 (6) that are currently being used in Bangladesh and to enhance global surveillance by the World Health Organization.…”

Antibiofilm Effects of Azithromycin and Erythromycin on Porphyromonas gingivalis

“…Several other reports about increasing AZM resistance have been published recently (1,12,26). However, we did not find any evidence of acquisition of resistance after exposure to sub-MICs of AZM or ERY (Table 3).…”

Penicillinase Plasmid Australia type in Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Isolated in Poland

“…No other types of plasmids encoding TEM betalactamase were detected in this study (Muhammad et al 2014). Global studies con rm the dominance of the African plasmid in Bangladesh, where more than 90% of isolates from 1997-2006 had this plasmid (Ahmed et al 2010). In studies on strains isolated between 2006 and 2010 in Brazil, only one plasmid type was detected in PPNG strains -African (Uehara et al 2011).…”