Monitoring and Safety Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) from Traditional Markets

Abstract

This study was carried out to survey residual characteristics of pesticide in fresh ginsengs collected from 45 markets at 15 regions in Korea using multiresidue analysis with a GC-MS/MS and an LC-MS/MS. After residue analysis was performed, the pesticides detected from ginsengs were quantitated using their analytical methods validated by recovery tests with a GC-ECD/NPD. As a results of analysis of pesticide residue, cypermethrin, fenitrothion, fludioxonil, thifluzamide, and tolclofos-methyl were detected from 16 samples among 45 samples in total, indicating detection rate was 35.6%. Tolclofos-methyl was found to be highest in detection frequency in ginseng. Fenitrothion that has not established maximum residue limit and pre-harvest interval for ginseng was detected. The amounts of all pesticides detected were less than their MRLs. Ratios of estimated daily intakes to acceptable daily intakes of the detected pesticides in ginseng were found to be from 0.03 to 16.67%.

Comparative study on anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of hydroponic ginseng and soil-cultured ginseng

“…It takes a minimum of 4-6 years for ginseng cultivated in soil to be ready for commercial utilization (Kim et al, 2018) and there are many obstacles to its maturation, including infectious diseases from soil such as damping-off and root rot (Doumbou et al, 2001) and the accumulation of heavy metals and pesticides (Noh et al, 2016). Currently, the interest in hydroponic ginseng, which is cultivated in mineral nutrient solutions without pesticides, has increased as it provides a means for overcoming these obstacles.…”

Antioxidant Effect and Sensory Evaluation of Yogurt Supplemented with Hydroponic Ginseng Root Extract

“…Ginseng root extracts contain many kinds of ginsenosides as major active ingredients and have been known to act against diseases, such as cancer, or to improve human health [ 9 ]. However, it is difficult to commercialize these products as the cultivation time in soil is long (a minimum of 4 to 6 years) [ 10 ], and there are many potential obstacles to harvest, including pathogens from soil, root rot, the accumulation of residual pesticides, and contamination of heavy metals [ 11 , 12 ]. Recently, interest in hydroponic ginseng has attracted increasing attention as an alternative, as in hydroponics, ginseng is cultivated in mineral nutrient solutions without pesticides.…”

“…Recently, interest in hydroponic ginseng has attracted increasing attention as an alternative, as in hydroponics, ginseng is cultivated in mineral nutrient solutions without pesticides. Additionally, the productivity of hydroponic ginseng per unit area is much higher than that with soil cultivation [ 12 ]. It was reported that the management cost for a hydroponic cultivation system is approximately 36,000 $/acre, whereas that for soil-cultivation system is approximately 282,000 $/acre [ 13 ].…”