Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Edible Mushrooms

Kim, Jiyoung; Yoo, Ji‐Hyock; Lee, Ji-Ho; Kim, Minji; Kang, Dong‐Hyun; Ko, Hyeon-Seok; Hong, Su‐Myeong; Im, Geon-Jae; Kim, Doo-Ho; Jung, Goo-Bok; Kim, Won-Il

doi:10.5338/kjea.2012.31.1.37

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…Statistical Methods for Handling Nondetected Results in Food Chemical Monitoring Data to Improve Food Risk Assessments used in domestic risk assessments. Data on the concentrations of potentially hazardous chemicals in domestic food are produced through large-scale national-level surveys and small-scale monitoring [14,20,22,23]. Large-scale monitoring of pesticides, heavy metals, and mycotoxins in frequently consumed foods is conducted regularly, but the monitoring of other hazardous chemical substances in food is insufficient.…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Methods for Handling Nondetected Results in Food Chemical Monitoring Data to Improve Food Risk Assessments

Hwang¹,

SC²,

Jh³

et al. 2022

AustinJPublicHealthEpidemiol

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Chemical risk assessment is important for risk management, and estimates of chemical exposure must be as accurate as possible. Chemical concentrations in food below the limit of detection are known as nondetects and result in leftcensored data. During statistical analysis, the method used for handling values below the limit of detection is important. Many risk assessors employ widely used substitution methods to treat left-censored data, as recommended by international organizations. The National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation of South Korea also recommend these methods, which are currently used for chemical exposure assessments. However, these methods have statistical limitations, and international organizations recommend more advanced alternative statistical approaches. In this study, we assessed the validity of currently used statistical methods for handling nondetects. The best method was determined based on a simulation study. In three case studies, we compared the various methods based on the root mean squared error. The data for all case studies were from the same source, to avoid heterogeneity. Across various sample sizes and nondetection rates, the mean and 95th percentile values for all treatment methods were similar. However, “log normal maximum likelihood estimation” method was not suitable for estimating the mean. Risk assessors should consider statistical processing of monitoring data to reduce uncertainty. Currently used substitution methods are effective and easy to apply to large data sets with nondetection rates < 80%. However, advanced statistical methods are required in some circumstances, and national guidelines are needed regarding their use in risk assessments.

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Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Methods for Handling Nondetected Results in Food Chemical Monitoring Data to Improve Food Risk Assessments

Hwang¹,

SC²,

Jh³

et al. 2022

AustinJPublicHealthEpidemiol

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“…KNHANES is a nationwide survey of food intake using the 24-h recall method; the data are currently used in domestic risk assessments. Data on the concentrations of potentially hazardous chemicals in domestic food are produced through large-scale national-level surveys and small-scale monitoring (Kim et al, 2007(Kim et al, , 2010(Kim et al, , 2012MFDS, 2021). Large-scale monitoring of pesticides, heavy metals, and mycotoxins in frequently consumed foods is conducted regularly, but the monitoring of other hazardous chemical substances in food is insufficient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical methods for handling nondetected results in food chemical monitoring data to improve food risk assessments

Hwang

Lee

Park

et al. 2023

Food Science & Nutrition

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Chemical risk assessment is important for risk management, and estimates of chemical exposure must be as accurate as possible. Chemical concentrations in food below the limit of detection are known as nondetects and result in left‐censored data. During statistical analysis, the method used for handling values below the limit of detection is important. Many risk assessors employ widely used substitution methods to treat left‐censored data, as recommended by international organizations. The National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation of South Korea also recommends these methods, which are currently used for chemical exposure assessments. However, these methods have statistical limitations, and international organizations recommend more advanced alternative statistical approaches. In this study, we assessed the validity of currently used statistical methods for handling nondetects. To identify the most suitable statistical method for handling nondetection, we created virtual data and conducted simulation studies. Based on both simulation and case studies, the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and Robust Regression on Order Statistics (ROS) methods were found to be the best options. The statistical values obtained from these methods were similar to those obtained from the commonly used 1/2 Limit of Detection (LOD) substitution method for nondetection treatment. In three case studies, we compared the various methods based on the root mean squared error. The data for all case studies were from the same source, to avoid heterogeneity. Across various sample sizes and nondetection rates, the mean and 95th percentile values for all treatment methods were similar. However, “lognormal maximum likelihood estimation” method was not suitable for estimating the mean. Risk assessors should consider statistical processing of monitoring data to reduce uncertainty. Currently used substitution methods are effective and easy to apply to large datasets with nondetection rates <80%. However, advanced statistical methods are required in some circumstances, and national guidelines are needed regarding their use in risk assessments.

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“…평균 연령을 포함한 모 든 연령대에서 위해지수가 1보다 훨씬 낮아 유해영향 발생이 우려되지 않는 안전한 수준을 나타내었다. 위해지수는 단일물 질에 의한 1일간 인체 노출량을 표준물질에 의한 1일간 인체 노출량으로 나눈 값으로서 1 이상이면 유해영향 발생이 우려 되고, 1보다 같거나 작으면 유해영향 발생이 우려되지 않는 값 을 의미한다(Gerba, 2006;Kim et al, 2012;Lee et al, 2012). 이상의 결과에서 살펴본 바와 같이 국내에서 유통되는 마른 김에 함유되어 있는 중금속(수은, 납, 카드뮴)의 인체 위해도는 JECFA의 권고기준인 PTWI에 대비한 위해도 및 각 중금속의 1 일 노출량에 대한 JECFA의 1일 인체 노출량으로 산출한 위해 지수와 비교해 본 결과 매우 안전한 수준인 것으로 확인되었다.…”

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Heavy Metals (Hg, Pb, Cd) Content and Risk Assessment of Commercial Dried Laver Porphyra sp.

손광태¹,

권지영²,

조미라³

et al. 2012

Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

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국내에서 양식되고 있는 김의 대표적인 품종으로는 참김(P. tenera), 방사무늬김(P. yezoensis), 모무늬돌김(P. seriata) 및 잇바디돌김(P. dentata) 등이 있는데, 이들 중 참김과 방사무 늬김이 예로부터 양식되어져 온 주요 품종으로 엽체가 얇고 부 드러운 것이 특징이며 국내 생산량의 약 70%를 차지하고 있다 (Hwang et al., 2005). 시중에 유통되는 마른 김은 100% 돌김 이나 일반적으로 방사무늬김과 돌김이 혼합되어 있는 형태로 양식지역마다 현지 사정에 따라 몇 품종들을 섞어서 마른 김으 Article history;To investigate heavy metals (Hg, Pb and Cd) and their potential health risks in commercial dried laver (Porphyra sp.), we collected 45 samples from the major production areas on the western and southern coasts of Korea (Hwaseong, Seocheon, Gunsan, Muan, Shinan, Jindo, Haenam, Wando, Jangheung, Goheung and Busan). The Hg, Pb and Cd concentrations were measured using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS) or a mercury analyzer. The average Hg, Pb and Cd concentrations in the dried laver were 0.006±0.0017, 0.196±0.0614 and 0.894±0.4882 mg/kg, respectively. Based on the 2007 Korean Public Nutrition Report, these levels are 0.02, 0.11 and 2.47% of the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) for Hg, Pb and Cd, respectively, established by the FAO/WHO. The hazard quotient (HQ) determined from the ratio of exposure and safe levels were less than 1.0. Therefore, the levels of overall exposure to Hg, Pb and Cd for dried laver were below the recommended JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) levels, which indicate safe levels for public health.

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Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Edible Mushrooms

Cited by 6 publications

References 22 publications

Statistical Methods for Handling Nondetected Results in Food Chemical Monitoring Data to Improve Food Risk Assessments

Statistical Methods for Handling Nondetected Results in Food Chemical Monitoring Data to Improve Food Risk Assessments

Statistical methods for handling nondetected results in food chemical monitoring data to improve food risk assessments

Heavy Metals (Hg, Pb, Cd) Content and Risk Assessment of Commercial Dried Laver Porphyra sp.

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