Monitoring and Risk Analysis of PAHs in the Environment

Hussain, Karishma; Hoque, Raza Rafiqul; Balachandran, S.; Medhi, Subhash; Idris, Mohammad Ghaznavi; Rahman, Mirzanur; Hussain, Farhaz Liaquat

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73645-7_29

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…The use of basic apparatus such as a separatory funnel and rotary evaporator, along with a suitable nonpolar solvent, such as hexane, dichloromethane, or mixture of both, have been used to isolate PAHs from water (Gong, Wilke, Alef, Li, & Zhou, 2006). This technique often involves SPE or gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with different adsorbent phases, while others include membrane‐based extractions such as liquid‐phase micro‐extractions and membrane‐assisted extraction (Egli, Butler, & Bottaro, 2015; Hussain et al, 2018; Martinez, Gros, Lacorte, & Barceló, 2004; Munyeza, Dikale, Rohwer, & Forbes, 2018). The selective removal of PAHs from water has been optimized and over 90 % extraction efficiency has been recorded, as well as the capacity of SPE to isolate target PAHs in trace amounts (Egli et al, 2015).…”

Section: Extraction and Membrane Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in water treatment technologies for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Existing concepts, emerging trends, and future prospects

Adeola

Forbes

2020

Water Environment Research

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In the last two decades, environmental experts have focused on the development of several biological, chemical, physical, and thermal methods/technologies for remediation of PAH‐polluted water. Some of the findings have been applied to field‐scale treatment, while others have remained as prototypes and semi‐pilot studies. Existing treatment options include extraction, chemical oxidation, bioremediation, photocatalytic degradation, and adsorption (employing adsorbents such as biomass derivatives, geosorbents, zeolites, mesoporous silica, polymers, nanocomposites, and graphene‐based materials). Electrokinetic remediation, advanced phytoremediation, green nanoremediation, enhanced remediation using biocatalysts, and integrated approaches are still at the developmental stage and hold great potential. Water is an essential component of the ecosystem and highly susceptible to PAH contamination due to crude oil exploration and spillage, and improper municipal and industrial waste management, yet comprehensive reviews on PAH remediation are only available for contaminated soils, despite the several treatment methods developed for the remediation of PAH‐polluted water. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of existing and emerging methods/technologies, in order to bridge information gaps toward ensuring a green and sustainable remedial approach for PAH‐contaminated aqueous systems. Practitioner points Comprehensive review of existing and emerging technologies for remediation of PAH‐polluted water. Factors influencing efficiency of various methods, challenges and merits were discussed. Green nano‐adsorbents, nano‐oxidants and bio/phytoremediation are desirous for ecofriendly and economical PAH remediation. Adoption of an integrated approach for the efficient and sustainable remediation of PAH‐contaminated water is recommended.

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Section: Extraction and Membrane Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in water treatment technologies for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Existing concepts, emerging trends, and future prospects

Adeola

Forbes

2020

Water Environment Research

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“…Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of organic pollutants containing two or more fused aromatic rings [1][2][3][4]. e major (90%) PAHs are byproducts of incomplete combustion [5] and man-made activities such as traffic activities, cooking, and fossil fuel burning [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a first compound which can lead to be cancer [7][8][9]. Due to the serious impact of PAHs on human health and ecosystem, the United States of America-Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) has introduced 16 PAHs including naphthalene (Naph), acenaphthylene (Acy), acenaphthene (Ace), fluorene (Fln), phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant), pyrene (Pyr), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chr), benzo [b] fluoranthene (BbF), fluoranthene (Fluo), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene (IcdP), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA), and benzo [g,h,i]perylene (BghiP) on the list of priority organic pollutants to be removed [4,10,11]. Besides, seven PAHs (BaP, BaA, BbF, BkF, Chr, IcdP, DahA) were given in the list of mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds by IARC [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Airborne Particulate Matter Samples by Gas Chromatography in Combination with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)

Vu-Duc¹,

Thi

Le-Minh³

et al. 2021

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the family of organic contaminations, have been shown to have negative effects on human health. However, until now, the comprehension on occurrence, distribution, and risk assessment of human exposure to PAHs has been limited in Vietnam. In this work, a capillary gas chromatography coupled with electron impact ionization tandem mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS/MS) has been introduced for analysis of 16 PAHs in some particulate matter samples. PAHs have been separated on the TG 5 ms capillary gas chromatographic column and detected by tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The PAHs in the particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10) samples were extracted by ultrasonic-assisted liquid extraction and cleaned up by an acidic silica gel solid phase extraction. The linearity range of all analyzed PAHs was from 5 to 2000 ng mL−1 with R2 ≥0.9990. Limit of detection (LOD) of PAHs in particulate matter sample was from 0.001 ng m−3 (Br-Naph) to 0.276 ng m−3 (Fln). The recovery of PAHs was investigated by international proficiency testing samples. The recoveries of PAHs in proficiency testing sample ranged from 79.3% (Chr) to 109.8% (IcdP). The in-house validated GC-EI-MS/MS method was then applied to analysis of some particulate matter samples that were collected in the Hanoi areas. The total concentrations of PAHs in several brands of samples collected from Hanoi were found in the range of 226.3 ng m−3–706.43 ng m−3. Among the studied compounds, naphthalene was found at high frequency and ranged from 106.5 ng m−3 to 631.1 ng m−3. The main distribution of the PAHs in particulate matter samples was two-ring and three-ring compounds.

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“…Pure PAHs are usually colored, crystalline solids at ambient temperature [10], and they have high melting and boiling points, low vapor pressure and very low aqueous solubility. These compounds are very soluble in organic solvents and are lypophilic [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PAHs in groundwaters are non-degradable and remain present for long periods of time [13], and are accumulated into particulates of sediment [11]. In soil and aquifer system these components are sorbed into organic and clay fraction restricting their bioavailability [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Sources and Ecological Risk of PAHs in Different Layers of Soil and Groundwater

Ilić¹,

Markić²,

Bjelić³

2020

Preprint

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Research subjects of this study are four representative locations in the industrial complex, in the city of Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), humus and pH were determined. The main objective of the paper is to determine the concentration levels, to assess the probable sources of PAHs contamination in soil and groundwater and to determine the ecological risk. The ∑16PAHs in soil (at depths of 30 cm, 100 cm, 200 cm, 300 cm and 400 cm) ranged from 0.99 to 2.24 mg/kg, from 0.34 to 0.46, from 0.24 to 0.32, from 0.13 to 0.27 and from 0.13 to 0.47, with mean values of 1.70 mg/kg, 0.40 mg/kg, 0.28 mg/kg, 0.20 mg/kg and 0.26 mg/kg, respectively. The ∑16PAHs in groundwater ranged from 0.23 to 4.50 mg/m3, with mean value of 1.42 mg/m3. Surface soil and groundwater are heavily contaminated. All values of ∑PAHs in soil layers were lower in the depths of the soil. Factor analysis indicates three sources of contamination, RC1 (pyrogenic), RC2 (petrogenic) and RC3 (biomass), with 52.39%, 26.14% and 8.46% of total variance, respectively. ∑PAH and PAHs indicate high ecological risk for most PAHs, which decreases with soil depth.

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Monitoring and Risk Analysis of PAHs in the Environment

Cited by 20 publications

References 151 publications

Advances in water treatment technologies for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Existing concepts, emerging trends, and future prospects

Advances in water treatment technologies for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Existing concepts, emerging trends, and future prospects

Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Airborne Particulate Matter Samples by Gas Chromatography in Combination with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)

Evaluation of Sources and Ecological Risk of PAHs in Different Layers of Soil and Groundwater

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