“…Particulate matter can also come from natural sources including pollen, sea salt, and blown-in dust. Bandung as a study area is bordered by a variety of industries, including those in the textile, textiles, food, metal, printing, metal, furniture, and plastic sectors, thus it might potentially cause major air pollution (Hidayat & Nazaruddin, 2022). Most of the industrial activities are located in the western and eastern areas of the city, while most of the commercial activities are located in the city center.…”