Monitor use in Adult Second Language Production

Stafford, Cynthia; Covitt, Ginger

doi:10.1075/itl.39-40.07sta

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…4. Results of studies by Cohen andRobbins (1976), Fuller (1978), Kounin and Krashen (1978), Krashen and Pon (1975), Krashen et al (1976), Larsen-Freeman (1 975), Schlue (1 977), Schumann (1978), Stafford and Covitt (1978) do show an effect for the learning of formal rules of English grammar among instructed subjects. It is unclear, however, whether and in what way such learning contributed to the acquisition of the subjects' second language; what is evident is that this knowledge of rules affected performance variables.…”

Section: Relevant Empirical Studiesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Adult Acquisition of English as a Second Language Under Different Conditions of Exposure

1983

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Claims have been made regarding the differing contributions of formal classroom versus naturalistic settings to second language acquisition (D'Anglejan 1978; Krashen 1976; Krashen and Seliger 1975; Sajavaara 1981). A study was designed to test such claims by investigating the production of English grammatical morphology by 18 adult native speakers of Spanish under three different conditions of exposure to English L2: (1) Instruction Only, (2) Naturalistic, and (3) Mixed (a combination of 1 and 2). Effects of the three conditions of second language exposure were revealed in the types of errors produced during individual conversations with a researcher: (1) All subjects made errors of morpheme oversuppliance in inappropriate contexts and morpheme omission in required contexts; however, the former were more prevalent among Instruction Only subjects, and the latter more common among Naturalistic subjects. These differences were statistically significant. (2) The Naturalistic group tended to omit plural ‐s endings on nouns which were premodified by quantifiers. This nonredundant marking of plurality, characteristic of many pidgin speakers, was significantly different from the nontarget plural productions of the other two groups. Despite these differences in production errors, statistically high correlations were found among the three groups of subjects with regard to rank order accuracy for grammatical morphology. Results of the study suggest that different conditions of exposure to English L2 do not significantly alter the accuracy order in which grammatical morphemes are produced. However, as reflected in production errors, different conditions appear to affect learners' hypotheses about the target morphology and their strategies for using it.

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Section: Relevant Empirical Studiesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Adult Acquisition of English as a Second Language Under Different Conditions of Exposure

1983

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“…Monitor "overusers" are performers who feel they must "know the rule" for everything and do not entirely trust their feel for grammaticality in the second language. One case, "S", described by Stafford and Covitt (1978), remarked: "I feel bad... when I put words together and I don't know nothing about the grammar." In Stevicks terms (Stevick, 1976, p. 78), overusers may suffer from "lathophobic aphasia", an "unwillingness to speak for fear of making a mistake".…”

Section: Individual Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, we often see performers who have acquired large amounts of a second language with no apparent conscious learning. Monitor "underusers" described in the literature (Stafford and Covitt, 1978;Chapter 1, this volume;Kounin and Krashen, 1978) are typically able to use surprisingly difficult structures and have no idea as to their formal description.…”

Section: Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Overuser Stafford and Covitt (1978) present an instructive case of a Monitor overuser: S, a Finnish speaker who, like P, knows many of the rules of English, but who is often unable to communicate in speech. While her written English is quite accurate, Stafford and Covitt remark that "she speaks very little, because she tries to remember and use grammar rules before speaking".…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Monitor overuser refers to his conscious grammar all the time when using his second language. This may be due to an overconcern with correctness, "S", the overuser described by Stafford and Covitt (1978), who admitted that "I feel bad when I put words together and I don't know nothing about the rules", is clearly this sort. Mr. J., described by Nida (1956), also seems to be an overuser of this type.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning

Bernhardt¹,

Krashen²

1989

The Modern Language Journal

906

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Relationships Between Use of the Strategy of Monitoring and the Cognitive Style

Abraham

1983

Stud Sec Lang Acq

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This study addresses the question of whether observed differences in the use of the strategy of monitoring (as defined by Krashen) is related to four rather stable cognitive styles. Subjects were 40 Spanish-speaking adults in a university ESL program. Each subject's use of monitoring was assessed by comparing the degree of correctness s/he demonstrated with respect to one morpheme, third-person-singular s, in elicited speech, taken to represent his/her acquired knowledge of the morpheme, and on three writing tasks—fill-in-the-blank, proofreading, and composition—taken to represent acquired knowledge modified by conscious application of the third-person-singular rule. It was hypothesized that the most monitoring would occur on the fill-in-the-blank test, and the least on the composition. The cognitive styles hypothesized to be related to monitor use were field independence, reflection, flexible control, and preference for processing information by written word.No significant differences in the amount of monitoring on the three written tasks were noted. Field independence was positively related to the amount of monitoring on all written tasks, and reflection weakly but positively related to the amount of monitoring on the proofreading task. Implications for further research are discussed.

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Monitor use in Adult Second Language Production

Cited by 10 publications

References 1 publication

Adult Acquisition of English as a Second Language Under Different Conditions of Exposure

Adult Acquisition of English as a Second Language Under Different Conditions of Exposure

Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning

Relationships Between Use of the Strategy of Monitoring and the Cognitive Style

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