Mongolia’s Culture and Society

The Pechenegs: Nomads in the Political and Cultural Landscape of Medieval Europe

“…Gumilow 1997Kałużyński 1970, 30. 133 Moszyński 1996Pletneva 1958, 187;Jagchid, Hayer 1983, 22;Kałużyński 1983, 59. 134 Khazanov 1984, 46.…”

Capitalism in Mongolia – ideology, practice and ambiguity

“…These phenomena were known and experienced in Mongolia well before the Euro-American forms of financialization and concepts of market and trade became the main modes of making the economy in Mongolia after 1990, and before Mongolia developed much contact with so-called capitalist countries in Europe and America in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Bumochir, this volume;Wheeler 2004). As a result, it has been common for Mongolians to view trade and commerce as alien and originating from the 'outside', from both China and Russia, and later during socialism from other foreign capitalist nations (Bulag 2000;Campi 1996;Jagchid and Hyer 1979;Wheeler 2004).…”

The Figures of Kōho and Li-mi-i, and the Origins of the Case for a Christian Missionary Presence in Tenpyō Era Japan

“…76 Local religions were patronised in order to influence subject peoples through the use of their sacred and national symbols, for example a shamanist temple at Wūlánhàotè ( ) was built and dedicated in 1944 for the purpose of influencing Mongol subjects. 77 Is it possible that by extending the length of Christian history in Japan, Saeki's argument acts to transforms Christianity into a "native" religion, akin to Shintō and Buddhism, which through playing a role in imperial history ought to belong to the imperial establishment, rather than the missionaries or ordinary believers?…”