Money and social connections in the Soviet and post‐Soviet Uzbek city

Informal payments and connections in post-Soviet Kazakhstan

“…On the other hand, lacking the resources to participate in traditional gift exchange, a practice essential for the maintenance of social relationships, the impoverished segment of the population came to be excluded from kinship and other networks of exchange (Kuehnast and Dudwick 2004;Rigi 2004). Even in areas such as participation in life-cycle celebrations, the financial cost became even higher as gifts at such events increasingly took the form of money (Koroteyeva and Makarova 1998;Urinboyev and Svensson 2013).…”

“I Fell into Librarianship”: Experiences of Post-Soviet Librarians at the National Academic Library in Astana, Kazakhstan

“…43 As the Soviet Union's educational system dissolved, 44 a lack of career work led some lowerincome Kazakhstanis into make-work, whether shuttling goods between cities, 45 selling goods in the bazaar, 46 or engaging in illicit drug work in urban centers. 47 Even middle class citizens relied on connections and bribery to find jobs or enter university during the late Soviet and post-Soviet periods, 48 perhaps by renting out property, 49 investing in privatized land, or starting businesses based on their personal connections.…”

Remittances, rituals and reconsidering women's norms inmahallas: emigrant labour and its social effects in Ferghana Valley

“…Central Asian Survey 17 (Kandiyoti 1998;Koroteyeva and Makarova 1998;Werner 1998). In other words, lifecycle rituals played a role in maintaining a mahalla's peace, and households' safety, by forcing residents to stay in good relations with their neighbours and relatives in order to manage life-cycle rituals.…”

“…Central Asian Survey 4 networking and making the connections needed to succeed in Soviet society (Koroteyeva and Makarova 1998).…”