Monetary Valuation of Non‐market Productive Time Methodological Considerations

Clermont, Lisella Goldschmidt

doi:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1993.tb00471.x

Cited by 36 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…An average of 3 hours of use (HOU) per day is studied as a baseline condition while 1/7 (1 hour per week), 1.5 (average A19 lamp usage rate in US [6]), and 12 HOU are also explored. Although lamp change-out is typically done by consumers themselves, an opportunity cost [38] equivalent to one third of the US median wage of $17.40 hr −1 [39] is assigned to an estimated 9 min labor time (which includes purchase and installation of the new lamp, and disposal of the old lamp). For lamps that are already in use at the start of the time horizon, both the lamp cost and installation cost are omitted from the calculation.…”

Section: Technology Projection and Life Cycle Impact Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replacement policy of residential lighting optimized for cost, energy, and greenhouse gas emissions

Liu

Keoleian

2017

Environ. Res. Lett.

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Accounting for 10% of the electricity consumption in the US, artificial lighting represents one of the easiest ways to cut household energy bills and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by upgrading to energy-efficient technologies such as compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) and light emitting diodes (LED). However, given the high initial cost and rapidly improving trajectory of solid-state lighting today, estimating the right time to switch over to LEDs from a cost, primary energy, and GHG emissions perspective is not a straightforward problem. This is an optimal replacement problem that depends on many determinants, including how often the lamp is used, the state of the initial lamp, and the trajectories of lighting technology and of electricity generation. In this paper, multiple replacement scenarios of a 60 watt-equivalent A19 lamp are analyzed and for each scenario, a few replacement policies are recommended. For example, at an average use of 3 hr day −1 (US average), it may be optimal both economically and energetically to delay the adoption of LEDs until 2020 with the use of CFLs, whereas purchasing LEDs today may be optimal in terms of GHG emissions. In contrast, incandescent and halogen lamps should be replaced immediately. Based on expected LED improvement, upgrading LED lamps before the end of their rated lifetime may provide cost and environmental savings over time by taking advantage of the higher energy efficiency of newer models.

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Section: Technology Projection and Life Cycle Impact Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replacement policy of residential lighting optimized for cost, energy, and greenhouse gas emissions

Liu

Keoleian

2017

Environ. Res. Lett.

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“…Disparities were even larger among women, with the Italians at the top with 5 h 20 min per day, followed by the Spanish and the eastern European women with roughly 5 h. Unpaid work could be easily included in our framework, by summing hours spent in market and non-market activities (Brandolini and Viviano, 2014). This is a promising line of research to study the distribution of the overall workload on people or the effect of home production on the labour supplied in the market (see Goldschmidt Clermont (1993) on the valuation of non-market production, and Jenkins and O'Leary (1996) for estimates of its effect on income distribution).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behind and Beyond the (Head Count) Employment Rate

Brandolini

Viviano

2015

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society

121

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The paper argues that we need more general statistical indices for the analysis of the European labour markets. First, the paper discusses some normative aspects that are implicit in the current definition of the employment rate, which is a fundamental policy target in the new strategy Europe 2020. Second, it proposes a class of generalized indices based on work intensity, as approximated by the total annual hours of work relative to a benchmark value. Third, it derives, in a consistent framework, household level employment indices. These indices provide a more nuanced picture of the European labour markets, which better reflects the diversity in the use of part-time and fixed term jobs as well as other factors affecting the allocation of work between and within households.

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“…According to Błaszczak-Przybycińska and Marszałek (2019) as well as Schreyer and Diewert (2014), households have two roles; one as producers because people produce goods and services in their own households, and the more traditional one of consumers, because they buy goods and services on the market. Goldschmidt-Clermont (1993) stated that this household production process is sim-ilar to market production and requires capital and labour as classic input factors.…”

Section: The Household Sectormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The recognition of unpaid work and household production within the entire economy, whether done by including it into the SNA framework, or by keeping it separate with the production of satellite accounts, shows that it is possible to connect the household work at the micro level with the macro level of the economy (Goldschmidt-Clermont, 1993;İlkkaracan, 2017).…”

Section: Problems Of Extending the Sna Boundarymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of its design and nature, the output approach has another key advantage. Unlike the input approach, which is introduced below, it does not have to adjust for diferent levels of productivity (Budlender & Brathaug, 2010;Goldschmidt-Clermont, 1993;Soupourmas & Ironmonger, 2002) between household workers and market professionals, as this is automatically taken into account appropriately. In a similar way, the output approach also accounts accordingly for simultaneous activities and multitasking (Goldschmidt-Clermont, 1993;Ironmonger, 1996;Ironmonger & Soupourmas, 2009).…”

Section: The Output Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Modified Approach of Valuing Unpaid Household Work in the UK Considering Multitasking and Adjusting for Quality and Productivity.

Schröder¹

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While unpaid work activities contribute significantly to a country’s economy, a large amount of those activities is not included in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), but various approaches can be applied to estimate this contribution, and assign a monetary value to them. However, the currently dominating approach used for the valuation of labour (VoL) does have some known weaknesses that lower the accuracy of calculations. The aim of this research is to modify that approach by taking consideration of simultaneous activities, quality and productivity. This is hoped to increase the accuracy of the valuation. Further, gender differences are considered and the impact of selected demographics on quality is investigated. Based on the findings, recommendations to policy makers and practitioners are given to support the development of a harmonised approach. In line with a review of the literature, a quantitative research design was applied for the modifications. The original contribution to knowledge of this study is the implementation of up to three adjustments to the dominating VoL approach. One adjusts the time to account for multitasking, the other two adjust the specialist wage rates for quality and productivity. This is the first time three adjustments were implemented in a single approach. This study relied on secondary data from the UK Time Use Survey and the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, and used an online questionnaire to collect primary data for adjustments, gender effects, and a regression analysis on demographics. The VoL was calculated for various adjustments and the magnitude of the modifications was compared to the dominating approach using a housekeeper and unadjusted specialist wage rates. The regression investigated whether selected demographics affect the quality of unpaid household work. The findings suggest that the commonly applied housekeeper wage rate may not act as a lower boundary for the VoL. The results also showed that wage adjustments on quality and productivity vary by gender and the activity performed. Contrary to previous recommendations, an equal split of multitasking activities (1/n) could not be confirmed, because splits differed up to 9%. Further, estimated adjustments levels were different to the often arbitrary recommendations in literature. This was also the case when all three adjustments were considered together. For the total UK economy, the implementation of adjustments would improve the VoL by up to 5.29% of the UK’s annual GDP, depending on the chosen modification. Unexpected was the finding that women reported a higher productivity level than men. The presence of children, gender, marital status, education and personal level of health were found to be relevant demographics to impact on the quality of unpaid household work. The major implications this study hopes to make are to increase the accuracy of the VoL and support the development of a harmonised approach for the VoL.

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Monetary Valuation of Non‐market Productive Time Methodological Considerations

Cited by 36 publications

References 13 publications

Replacement policy of residential lighting optimized for cost, energy, and greenhouse gas emissions

Replacement policy of residential lighting optimized for cost, energy, and greenhouse gas emissions

Behind and Beyond the (Head Count) Employment Rate

A Modified Approach of Valuing Unpaid Household Work in the UK Considering Multitasking and Adjusting for Quality and Productivity.

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