“…The main channels of academic research in this area (see Waller, 1992) have included direct signaling of monetary policy desires from the administration and Congress to the Federal Reserve (Havrilesky, 1987(Havrilesky, , 1988(Havrilesky, , 1995, coercion by the administration (Waller, 1991), and central bank appointments (Chappell, Havrilesky, & McGregor, 1993;Havrilesky, 1995;Havrilesky & Gildea, 1991Mixon & Gibson, 2002;Waller, 1992Waller, , 2000. Much of the recent literature indicates that, despite the Fed's independence, pressures from public and private sources have considerable influence on monetary policy (Froyen, Havrilesky, & Waud, 1997;Havrilesky, 1988Havrilesky, , 1990Havrilesky, , 1995. The consensus is that there is some scope for administrations to succeed in attempts to influence Fed decision-making.…”