he term structure of interest rates, i.e., the yield curve, has long been of interest to monetary policymakers and their advisers. The transmission of monetary policy is conventionally viewed as running from shortterm interest rates managed by central banks to longer-term rates that influence aggregate demand. A central bank's leverage over longer-term rates comes from the fact that the market determines these as the average expected level of short rates over the relevant horizon (abstracting from a term premium and default risk). Working in the other direction, the long bond rate contains a premium for expected inflation and, thus, serves as an indicator of the credibility of a central bank's commitment to low inflation. 1 Different theoretical perspectives support the two above-mentioned uses of the term structure for monetary policy: John Hicks's (1939) expectations theory of the term structure supports the first, and Irving Fisher's (1896) decomposition of nominal bond rates into expected inflation and an expected real return supports the second. 2 The two views are compatible in principle, although reconciling them creates difficulties of interpretation in practice. For example, does a steepening yield curve indicate a loss of confidence in the central bank's commitment to low inflation, or does it indicate that markets expect tighter The author is Senior Vice President and Director of Research. This article is an edited version of a paper written for the book Money and Interest Rates, I. Angeloni and R. Rovelli, eds., Macmillan 1998, proceedings of a conference sponsored by Banca d'Italia and IGIER, University Bocconi. Macmillan holds the copyright. The comments of Mike Dotsey, Bob Hetzel, Andy Olmem, John Walter, and participants at the Bank of England workshop on "Extracting Information from Financial Markets" are greatly appreciated. The views are the author's and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond or the Federal Reserve System. 1 See, for example, Goodfriend (1993), King (1995), and Svensson (1992). 2 The idea that the term structure of interest rates can be explained by investors' expectations about future short-term interest rates dates back at least to Fisher (1896), but the main development of the theory was done by Hicks (1939).