Monascus spp. and citrinin: Identification, selection of Monascus spp. isolates, occurrence, detection and reduction of citrinin during the fermentation of red fermented rice

Farawahida, Abdul Halim; Palmer, John W.; Flint, Steve

doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109829

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…CIT is a known contaminant in various grains and cereal-based products, and often along with ochratoxin A (OTA), another more potent nephrotoxic mycotoxin [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Rice fermented with Monascus spp., so called red yeast rice, used in Asia for food coloring and also marketed in Europe as cholesterol lowering food supplement, can contain very high levels (>2000 µg/kg) of CIT [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. In 2019 the maximum level for CIT in red yeast rice based food supplements has been reduced in Europe to 100 µg/kg [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Citrinin Exposure in Germany: Urine Biomarker Analysis in Children and Adults

Degen

Reinders

Kraft

et al. 2022

Toxins

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Citrinin (CIT), a mycotoxin known to exert nephrotoxicity, is a contaminant in food and feed. Since CIT contamination is not regularly analyzed, data on its occurrence and especially levels in food commodities are insufficient for conducting a conventional exposure assessment. Yet, human biomonitoring, i.e., an analysis of CIT and its metabolite dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) in urine samples allows to estimate exposure. This study investigated CIT exposure in young (2–14 years) and adult (24–61 years) residents of three federal states in Germany. A total of 179 urine samples from children and 142 from adults were collected and analyzed by a targeted LC-MS/MS based method for presence of CIT and DH-CIT. At least one of the biomarkers was detected and quantified in all urines, which indicated a widespread dietary exposure to the mycotoxin in Germany. Interestingly, the biomarker concentrations of CITtotal (sum of CIT and DH-CIT) were higher in children’s urine (range 0.05–7.62 ng/mL; median of 0.54 ng/mL) than in urines from adults (range 0.04–3.5 ng/mL; median 0.3 ng/mL). The biomarker levels (CITtotal) of individual urines served to calculate the probable daily CIT intake, for comparison to a value of 0.2 µg/kg bw/day defined as ‘level of no concern for nephrotoxicity’ by the European Food Safety Authority. The median exposure of German adults was 0.013 µg/kg b.w., with only one urine donor exceeding this provisional tolerable daily intake (pTDI) for CIT. The median exposure of children was 0.05 µg/kg bw per day (i.e., 25% of the pTDI); however, CIT exposure in 12 individuals (6.3% of our study group) exceeded the limit value, with a maximum intake of 0.46 µg/kg b.w. per day. In conclusion, these results show evidence for non-negligible exposure to CIT in some individuals in Germany, mainly in children. Therefore, further biomonitoring studies and investigations aimed to identify the major sources of CIT exposure in food commodities are required.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Citrinin Exposure in Germany: Urine Biomarker Analysis in Children and Adults

Degen

Reinders

Kraft

et al. 2022

Toxins

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“…To detect and reduce citrinin during the fermentation of red fermented rice. [56] Rice bran Aspergillus sojae Enhancement of bioactivity of rice bran by solid-state fermentation. [57] Rice straw…”

Section: Phlebia Floridensismentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of Cereal Biochemistry via Solid-State Fermentation: A Fruitful Way for Nutritional Improvement

Kaur,

Purewal

2023

Fermentation

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Cereal grains play a vital role in a dietary chart by providing a required number of macronutrients and micronutrients along with health-benefiting bioactive components. Cereal grains, despite being a good source of bioactive compounds, are not able to provide the full dose of bioactive components to consumers. The biochemistry of cereal grains restricts the release of certain dietary components; therefore, a method like solid-state fermentation could be utilized to modulate the chemistry of bioactive components present in cereals. Once modulated, these components can easily be recovered using an optimized extraction medium and other conditions. Fermented grains are better than unfermented ones as they possess a higher amount of certain dietary and bioactive components along with better quality attributes and shelflife. Fermented-cereal-based products can be promoted because of their health-benefiting nature and hidden industrial potential.

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“…Natural red pigment extracted from red mould rice has been used as a food additive (Dufosse, 2018;Techaoei et al, 2021) and colorant in cosmetic products (Manan et al, 2017;Koli et al, 2019;Silbir and Goksungur, 2019). Red mould rice has been traditionally produced by the solid-state fermentation (SSF) of rice by Monascus purpureus in a tray chamber (Farawahida et al, 2022). Based on a previous work (Chysirichote et al, 2011), the mycelium of Monascus spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of oxygen consumption with growth and red pigment production of Monascus purpureus in solid state fermentation of rice

Chysirichote,

Sakoolkaew,

Klinthong

2024

IFRJ

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Since aeration has a crucial role in mass and heat transfer during solid-state fermentation (SSF), the aim of the present work was to find out how it related to biomass and red pigment production of Monascus purpureus TISTR3615 during SSF. The fungal consumption of oxygen, one of the air's constituents important for fungal metabolism, was used to explain the relationship between the aeration rate, the fungal growth, and the red pigment production during the SSF of rice. Findings showed that at increased aeration rates, the fungus absorbed more oxygen, which boosted fungal growth but decreased red pigment production. Conversely, red pigment production increased when the fungus' oxygen consumption decreased. Regression equations with an acceptable R2 were used to explain the relationship between M. purpureus' red pigment production and its oxygen consumption and aeration rate. The ideal oxygen concentration for increasing M. purpureus' capacity to produce red pigment was 0.0685 mmol/day/g of dry biomass, which produced red pigment at around 2,897 AU500nm/g of dry biomass. However, the optimal oxygen consumption of the fungus for overall red pigment production (including growth impact) was 1.390 mmol/day/g of dry biomass, which produced red pigment at around 2,787 AU500nm/g of dry fermented rice. The results of the present work could potentially be utilised in developing M. purpureus' red pigment production approach.

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Monascus spp. and citrinin: Identification, selection of Monascus spp. isolates, occurrence, detection and reduction of citrinin during the fermentation of red fermented rice

Cited by 15 publications

References 146 publications

Citrinin Exposure in Germany: Urine Biomarker Analysis in Children and Adults

Citrinin Exposure in Germany: Urine Biomarker Analysis in Children and Adults

Modulation of Cereal Biochemistry via Solid-State Fermentation: A Fruitful Way for Nutritional Improvement

Correlation of oxygen consumption with growth and red pigment production of Monascus purpureus in solid state fermentation of rice

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