Monarchs (Danaus plexippus) and milkweeds (Asclepias species): The Current Situation and Methods for Propagating Milkweeds

Luna, Tara; Dumroese, R. Kasten

doi:10.3368/npj.14.1.5

Cited by 31 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This is demonstrated by the weed species Chenopodium album which is an important food resource for the skylark Alauda arvensis [96, 97]. An example from North America is the already mentioned Monarch butterfly, a species which is an obligate herbivore of milkweed species growing on agricultural land [98]. In Europe, 21 lepidopteran associations with weeds were identified and considered at high risk when cultivating GM herbicide-tolerant crops [99].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limits of Concern: suggestions for the operationalisation of a concept to determine the relevance of adverse effects in the ERA of GMOs

et al. 2018

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BackgroundThe European Food Safety Authority proposed a concept for the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants in the EU that is based on the definition of thresholds for the acceptability of potential adverse effects on the environment. This concept, called Limits of Concern (LoC), needs to be further refined to be implemented in the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms.MethodsWe analyse and discuss how LoC can be defined for the environmental risk assessment for three different types of genetically modified plants. We outline protection goals relevant to the genetically modified plants in question and discuss existing concepts and suggestions for acceptability thresholds from the environmental risk assessment of different regulatory areas. We make specific recommendations for the setting and use of LoC for each type of genetically modified plant.ResultsThe LoC concept can be suitably applied for the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms, if the different protection goals in agro-environments are specifically considered. Not only biodiversity protection goals but also agricultural protection goals need to be addressed. The different ecosystem services provided by weeds inside and outside agricultural fields have to be considered for genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. Exposure-based LoCs are suggested based on knowledge about dose–effect relationships between maize pollen and non-target Lepidoptera for insect-resistant maize. Due to the long-term nature of biological processes such as spread and establishment, LoCs for genetically modified oilseed rape should be defined for the presence of the genetically modified plant or its genetically modified traits in relevant protection goals.ConclusionsWhen setting LoCs, the focus should be on protection goals which are possibly affected. Potential overlaps of the LoC concept with the ecosystem service concept have to be clarified to harmonise protection levels in the agro-environment for different stressors. If additional impacts on agro-biodiversity resulting from the cultivation of genetically modified plants are to be avoided, then high protection levels and low thresholds for acceptable effects (i.e. LoC) should be set.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limits of Concern: suggestions for the operationalisation of a concept to determine the relevance of adverse effects in the ERA of GMOs

et al. 2018

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“…This species may not have been as prevalent in historic landscapes (Hayden, 1919;Pleasants, 2015). More information is needed about monarch butterflies' use of other native milkweed species both as larvae and adults beyond A. syriaca, the milkweed on which all current conservation recommendations are based (Landis, 2013;Pleasants and Oberhauser, 2013;Pleasants, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monarch Butterflies Show Differential Utilization of Nine Midwestern Milkweed Species

et al. 2018

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Monarch butterfly overwintering numbers have declined over the past 20 years. Restoring habitat that includes milkweeds, the only host plants for larval monarch butterflies, is necessary to increase monarch numbers within the breeding range. The value of different milkweed species for restoration will depend, in part, on the extent to which they are utilized by ovipositing females. The number of eggs laid on different species over a season will be a function of plant size and phenology as well as female preference. We examined seasonal egg deposition and females' oviposition choices by comparing the number of eggs laid by free-flying wild monarchs on each of nine native milkweed species occurring in Iowa (Asclepias syriaca, Asclepias tuberosa, Asclepias incarnata, Asclepias verticillata, Asclepias exaltata, Asclepias hirtella, Asclepias speciosa, Asclepias sullivantii, and Cynanchum laeve). One plot, consisting of clusters of each of the nine species, was established at each of 14 sites across the state of Iowa. Eggs were counted weekly in June, July and August 2015-2017. The highest egg totals were recorded on A. incarnata and A. syriaca in all years. Fewer eggs were counted on A. exaltata, A. hirtella, A. tuberosa, A. verticillata, and C. laeve. Our results show that monarchs prefer some milkweed species over others, but that they can use all nine native milkweed species for oviposition.

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“…Asclepias spp. undergo reproduction in the wild by 2 avenues: seed and rhizomatous tubers (Luna and Dumroese 2013). Propagation from seed does not allow for maintenance of cultivars, as seedling embryos undergo genetic recombination.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Propagation protocols have been developed to facilitate production of other Asclepias spp., including the federally threatened Mead's milkweed (Asclepias meadii Torr.) Bandeen 1970, 1976;Bowles and others 1991) and Asclepias syriaca (Bandeen and Bhowmik 1973;Luna and Dumroese 2013); yet these protocols focus on tuber and seed propagation. Of the few detailed studies that have been published on vegetative propagation protocols for Asclepias, development of optimum environmental conditions to initiate callus and root development during propagation were the focal areas (Ecker and Barzilay 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the few detailed studies that have been published on vegetative propagation protocols for Asclepias, development of optimum environmental conditions to initiate callus and root development during propagation were the focal areas (Ecker and Barzilay 1993). Across species, Asclepias propagules were found to root and achieve optimal growth in well-drained soils (to mitigate pathogen pressure) and when exposed to 15 to 17 h of day length with temper-atures ranging from 16 to 25 °C (61-77 °F) night/day (Ecker and Barzilay 1993;Luna and Dumroese 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Development of a vegetative propagation protocol forAsclepias tuberosa

Lewis

Chappell

Thomas

et al. 2020

NPJ

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This article describes the first published report of a commercially viable vegetative propagation protocol for butterfly milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa L. [Apocynaceae]). Milkweed (Asclepias L.) species are regarded as a superior North American native pollinator taxa. Restoration of species into disturbed sites and increasing its use in managed landscape environments are a means of sustaining and promoting many threatened and endangered pollinators that rely on Asclepias spp. for nectar in the adult stage and for forage in the juvenile stage of development. Unlike restoration efforts that predominantly rely on seedproduced plants, commercial ornamental production relies heavily on vegetative propagation. However, vegetative propagation of Asclepias spp. on a commercial scale has been limited due to the lack of published propagation protocol(s). This study employed vegetative cuttings of Asclepias tuberosa taken at 2 maturities and treated with potassium salt of indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA) or 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at varying concentrations to determine if a commercially viable protocol could be developed. Comparing cuttings taken from container-grown mature stock plants and juvenile seedlings, propagules originating from mature plants resulted in higher survival, likely because of enhanced carbohydrate reserves and photosynthetic capacity. Exogenous auxin (K-IBA or NAA) treatments had no effect on cutting survival or root number and length. The only growth parameter influenced by a specific hormone and concentration was cutting height, which was greater when K-IBA at 1000 or 3000 ppm concentrations were employed, compared to the control with no hormone applied. Ultimately, vegetative propagation can be achieved with commercially acceptable success using no exogenous hormone application.

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Monarchs (Danaus plexippus) and milkweeds (Asclepias species): The Current Situation and Methods for Propagating Milkweeds

Cited by 31 publications

References 32 publications

Limits of Concern: suggestions for the operationalisation of a concept to determine the relevance of adverse effects in the ERA of GMOs

Limits of Concern: suggestions for the operationalisation of a concept to determine the relevance of adverse effects in the ERA of GMOs

Monarch Butterflies Show Differential Utilization of Nine Midwestern Milkweed Species

Development of a vegetative propagation protocol forAsclepias tuberosa

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