“…To verify the efficiency of EOSMA in solving the IK problem of complex manipulator, it is compared with slime mould algorithm (SMA) [14], equilibrium optimizer (EO) [39], manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO) [40], marine predators algorithm (MPA) [41], pathfinder algorithm (PFA) [42], flower pollination algorithm (FPA) [43], differential evolution (DE) [44], gradient-based optimizer (GBO) [45], teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) [46], Harris hawks optimization (HHO) [47], improved grey wolf optimizer (IGWO) [48], hybrid PSO and gravitational search algorithm (PSOGSA) [49], centroid opposition-based differential evolution (CODE) [50], multi-trial vectorbased differential evolution (MTDE) [51], self-adaptive spherical search algorithm (SASS) [52] and the results of previous studies. Then, a multi-objective EOSMA (MOEOSMA) is proposed and compared with MOSMA [35], multi-objective PSO (MOPSO) [53], and multi-objective MPA (MOMPA) [54] on the IK problem of a 7 degrees of freedom (DOF) manipulator. This paper's primary contributions are as follows:…”