Momentum creation by vortices in superfluid 3He as a model of primordial baryogenesis

Bevan, T. D. C.; Manninen, A. J.; Cook, JL; Hook, J. R.; Hall, H. E.; Vachaspati, Tanmay; Volovik, G. E.

doi:10.1038/386689a0

Cited by 178 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Now let us introduce the effect of mutual friction. It was argued in Ref 1 that the characteristic time of the mutual friction dissipation at low temperatures, when the normal fluid is at rest, is τ mf ∼ 1/(ακk 2 ) where α is the (temperature dependent 13,19 ) mutual friction coefficient. Thus, we can postulate the following dissipation term in our differential model,…”

Section: Role Of Kelvin Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Spectra of Developed Turbulence in Helium Superfluids

2006

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Section: Role Of Kelvin Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Spectra of Developed Turbulence in Helium Superfluids

2006

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“…(This is somewhat akin to the "baryogenesis" analogue seen when excitations localised in vortex cores are ejected when the vortices are moved 16 . )…”

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confidence: 99%

Breaking the superfluid speed limit in a fermionic condensate

et al. 2016

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Coherent condensates appear as emergent phenomena in many systems 1-8 , sharing the characteristic feature of an energy gap separating the lowest excitations from the condensate ground state. This implies that a scattering object, moving through the system with high enough velocity for the excitation spectrum in the scatter frame to become gapless, can create excitations at no energy cost, initiating the breakdown of the condensate 1,9-13 . This limit is the well-known Landau velocity 9 . While, for the neutral Fermionic superfluid 3 He-B in the T=0 limit, flow around an oscillating body displays a very clear critical velocity for the onset of dissipation 12,13 , here we show that for uniform linear motion there is no discontinuity whatsoever in the dissipation as the Landau critical velocity is passed and exceeded. Since the Landau velocity is such a pillar of our understanding of superfluidity, this is a considerable surprise, with implications for the understanding of the dissipative effects of moving objects in all coherent condensate systems.The Landau critical velocity marks the minimum velocity at which an object moving through a condensate can generate excitations with zero energy cost 9 . In the frame of the object, moving at velocity v relative to the fluid, excitations of momentum p are shifted, by Galilean transformation, from energy E to (E -v.p). Superfluid 3 He has a BCS dispersion curve 1 with energy minima, E = Δ at momenta ±p F . Therefore excitation generation should begin as soon as one energy minimum reaches zero, i.e. when the velocity reaches the Landau critical value,We can investigate v L in condensates in two limiting regimes, i.e. for the motion of microscopic objects (e.g. ions) or for that of macroscopic objects. For ions, the critical velocity has been observed 10 in superfluid 4 He at the expected value of ≈ 45 m s -1 , and 3 confirmed in superfluid 3 He-B at 28 bar as consistent with the expected ≈ 71 mm s -1 value 11 . For macroscopic objects, the onset of extra dissipation at v L in superfluid 4 He cannot be observed since damping from vorticity becomes prohibitive at much lower velocities. However, while macroscopic objects can be readily accelerated at the lowest temperatures to the much lower critical velocities in superfluid 3 He, the experimental picture is somewhat misleading.In superfluid 3 He, oscillating macroscopic objects do indeed show a sudden increase in damping 12 , but at a velocity of only ≈ v L /3, arising from the emission of quasiparticle excitations from the pumping of surface excitation driven by the reciprocating motion 13 .Although this mechanism does not involve bulk pair breaking, it has created the impression that a Landau critical velocity has indeed been confirmed in 3 He, which is not the case.What should we expect for uniform motion? The textbook prediction suggests that at v L all details of the process become irrelevant. Condensate breakdown becomes inevitable; the constituent Cooper pairs separate; and the properties rapidly approaching those of...

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“…Because the chiral anomaly is a low-energy phenomenon, the anomaly equation in 3 He-A has gauge invariant and general covariant form, and thus exactly coincides with that derived by Adler (20) and Bell and Jackiw (21). This equation has been verified in several 3 He experiments (22,23). In particle physics, the only evidence of axial anomaly is related to the decay of the neutral pion 0 3 2␥, although the anomaly is much used in different cosmological scenaria, explaining an excess of matter over antimatter in the universe (see review in ref.…”

Section: Physics: Volovikmentioning

confidence: 89%

Field theory in superfluid ³ He: What are the lessons for particle physics, gravity, and high-temperature superconductivity?

Volovik

1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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There are several classes of homogeneous Fermi systems that are characterized by the topology of the energy spectrum of fermionic quasiparticles: (i) gapless systems with a Fermi surface, (ii) systems with a gap in their spectrum, (iii) gapless systems with topologically stable point nodes (Fermi points), and (iv) gapless systems with topologically unstable lines of nodes (Fermi lines). Superf luid 3 He-A and electroweak vacuum belong to the universality class 3. The fermionic quasiparticles (particles) in this class are chiral: they are left-handed or right-handed. The collective bosonic modes of systems of class 3 are the effective gauge and gravitational fields. The great advantage of superf luid 3 He-A is that we can perform experiments by using this condensed matter and thereby simulate many phenomena in high energy physics, including axial anomaly, baryoproduction, and magnetogenesis.3 He-A textures induce a nontrivial effective metrics of the space, where the free quasiparticles move along geodesics. With 3 He-A one can simulate event horizons, Hawking radiation, rotating vacuum, etc. High-temperature superconductors are believed to belong to class 4. They have gapless fermionic quasiparticles with a ''relativistic'' spectrum close to gap nodes, which allows application of ideas developed for superf luid 3 He-A.It is now well understood that the universe and its symmetrybroken ground state, the physical vacuum, may behave like a condensed matter system with a complicated and possibly degenerate ground state (1-5). If the analogy of the quantum mechanical physical vacuum with condensed matter systems is taken seriously, the first question that arises is: which system of condensed matter reproduces most closely the properties of the quantum vacuum? Because particle physics deals with interacting Fermi and Bose quantum fields, the system should be fermionic. This requirement excludes superfluid 4 He, which contains only Bose fields. In Fermi systems, such as metals, superconductors, and normal and superfluid 3 He, in addition to the fermionic degrees of freedom that come from the bare fermions, electrons, and 3 He-atoms, the quantum Bose fields appear as low-energy collective modes. Therefore, these systems do represent interacting Fermi and Bose quantum fields.Which Fermi system is the best? To answer this question we first must realize that the main feature that differentiates between various Fermi systems is the topology of the quasiparticle spectrum in the low energy (infra-red) corner. I will consider only systems whose ground state is spatially homogeneous, which is one of the least disputed properties of the physical vacuum. When the topology of the quasiparticle spectrum is taken into account, the homogeneous Fermi systems can be organized into very few classes (see Fig. 1).

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Momentum creation by vortices in superfluid 3He as a model of primordial baryogenesis

Abstract: Momentum creation by vortices in3 He experiments as a model of primordial baryogenesis. T.D.C. Bevan

Cited by 178 publications

References 29 publications

Energy Spectra of Developed Turbulence in Helium Superfluids

Energy Spectra of Developed Turbulence in Helium Superfluids

Breaking the superfluid speed limit in a fermionic condensate

Field theory in superfluid ³ He: What are the lessons for particle physics, gravity, and high-temperature superconductivity?

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Momentum creation by vortices in superfluid 3He as a model of primordial baryogenesis

Abstract: Momentum creation by vortices in3 He experiments as a model of primordial baryogenesis. T.D.C. Bevan

Cited by 178 publications

References 29 publications

Energy Spectra of Developed Turbulence in Helium Superfluids

Energy Spectra of Developed Turbulence in Helium Superfluids

Breaking the superfluid speed limit in a fermionic condensate

Field theory in superfluid 3 He: What are the lessons for particle physics, gravity, and high-temperature superconductivity?

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Product

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Field theory in superfluid ³ He: What are the lessons for particle physics, gravity, and high-temperature superconductivity?