“…The O1 spectra were deconvoluted into adsorbed O, Co–O, and C–O corresponding to 533.1, 532.7, and 531.3 eV, respectively (Figure c). The N 1s spectrum (Figure d) was analyzed for N species, including graphitic N (402.2 eV), Co–N x (401.1 eV), pyrrolic N (399.9 eV), and pyridinic N (398.9 eV) . Of note, pyridinic N and Co–N x with two P electrons contribute to the electrocatalytic process. , Co 2p spectra (Figure d) confirm the presence of Co present in Co-NNC with three satellite peaks at 780.9, 778.4, and 775.9 eV for Co 2p 3/2 , which can be attributed to Co–N, Co–O, and metallic Co …”