Molten carbonate electrolytes: Electrical conductance, density and surface tension of binary and ternary mixtures

Ward, A. T.; Janz, George J.

doi:10.1016/0013-4686(65)80048-2

Cited by 58 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Our data, and those reported by other authors, are shown in Fig. 4 for ͑a͒ density, 14,15 ͑b͒ surface tension, 14,15 and ͑c͒ electrical conductivity. 10,14 Our density and electrical conductivity data showed good agreement with those in the literature.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…8 Janz, 13 Ward, 14 and Spedding 12 also reported that the activation energy of Arrhenius' equation changed with temperature; Janz has discussed the temperature dependence of the activation energy in detail. 13 As deviations from Arrhenius' equation are observed over wide temperature ranges, for conductivity data taken we used the following empirical quadratic function of temperature 8…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…18 But, the data on density, surface tension, and conductivity of this system are quite restricted. 14,15 In addition, there are few reports of relationships between the physical properties and composition for ternary molten salt compositions.In this work, we present data on the density, the molar volume, the surface tension, and the electrical conductivity of molten Li 2 CO 3 -Na 2 CO 3 -K 2 CO 3 . In addition, methods to predict the physical properties of this system are reported.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Density, Surface Tension, and Electrical Conductivity of Ternary Molten Carbonate System Li[sub 2]CO[sub 3]–Na[sub 2]CO[sub 3]–K[sub 2]CO[sub 3] and Methods for Their Estimation

Kojima

Miyazaki

Nomura

et al. 2008

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The density, surface tension, and electrical conductivity of the ternary molten salt mixtures of Li 2 CO 3 -Na 2 CO 3 -K 2 CO 3 system have been measured. The molar volumes of the ternary mixtures agreed well with those estimated by additivity arguments within 0.7%. It was found that the surface tension of a ternary carbonate mixture can be predicted from known surface tension of binary carbonates, and the mixing of two molten carbonate mixtures of the same surface tension makes a mixture of almost equal surface tension before mixing in this ternary system. We have succeeded in predicting the equivalent conductivity of the ternary carbonate mixtures using the cationic radii and the equivalent conductivities of the pure carbonates.The physical properties of ionic liquids such as molten salts and room-temperature molten salts are essential items of knowledge not only for the industrial use of these compounds, but also for a fundamental understanding of their nature. As a kind of ionic liquid, molten carbonates attract widespread research activity because they are likely to be used as catalysts, 1-3 as material processing solvents, 4-6 and as the electrolytes of molten carbonate fuel cells ͑MCFCs͒. 7 The latter is an excellent type of power conversion technology with a high efficiency and a low impact on the environment. Some frequently used compositions of MCFC electrolyte materials are Li 2 CO 3 -Na 2 CO 3 and Li 2 CO 3 -K 2 CO 3 . The physical properties such as density, surface tension, and conductivity of these binary molten carbonates have been thoroughly investigated. 8-15 Density ͑molar volume͒ is necessary to know the optimum loading of electrolyte for MCFCs. Surface tension is needed to estimate electrolyte distribution in MCFCs. 16 Conductivity directly affects the output of the MCFC. These physical properties are not only essential for practical use but also provide us an insight into the melt structure, the forces operating among ions, and the ionic movement in molten carbonate.The ternary molten salt mixtures of the Li 2 CO 3 -Na 2 CO 3 -K 2 CO 3 system show a large variation of physical properties, over a wide temperature range from 671 to about 1300 K, and therefore offer a wide choice of compositions and properties. Mohamedi et al. investigated oxygen solubility and Warburg impedance in this system for MCFC. 17 Kim et al. reported a phase diagram for Li 2 CO 3 -Na 2 CO 3 -K 2 CO 3 and vapor pressures of chemical species through thermodynamic calculations. 18 But, the data on density, surface tension, and conductivity of this system are quite restricted. 14,15 In addition, there are few reports of relationships between the physical properties and composition for ternary molten salt compositions.In this work, we present data on the density, the molar volume, the surface tension, and the electrical conductivity of molten Li 2 CO 3 -Na 2 CO 3 -K 2 CO 3 . In addition, methods to predict the physical properties of this system are reported. ExperimentalReagent grade chemicals, Li 2 CO 3 ͑99%͒, Na 2 CO 3 ͑9...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Density, Surface Tension, and Electrical Conductivity of Ternary Molten Carbonate System Li[sub 2]CO[sub 3]–Na[sub 2]CO[sub 3]–K[sub 2]CO[sub 3] and Methods for Their Estimation

Kojima

Miyazaki

Nomura

et al. 2008

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…10,11 The melting temperature of carbonates of simple monovalent metal ions, for instance, is comparable to that of alkali-halides. 10 Since the carbonate anion is di-valent, however, a fair comparison is with M 2 X compounds such as Li 2 O, or Na 2 O, whose melting temperature is still significantly higher.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Metal/Molten Alkali Carbonate Interfaces

et al. 2017

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Interfaces between molten carbonates M 2 CO 3 (M=Li, Na and K) and planar metal walls have been investigated by molecular dynamics based on a rigid-ions force field (Janssen and Tissen, Mol. Simul. 5, 83-98, (1990)). Simulations cover the temperature range 1200 K ≤ T ≤ 1500 K at a moderate (∼ 15 kbar) overpressure to compensate for a slight overestimate of the system volume by the force field model. Most of the simulations represent neutral electrodes, but shorter computations have been carried out for systems with a low surface charge distribution on the metal side of the interface. The results provide an intriguing view of the interplay among ion packing, oscillating screening, anisotropic correlations and ion dynamics at the interface. The mass and charge density profiles display prominent peaks at contact, and tend to their constant bulk values through several oscillations, whose amplitude decays exponentially moving away from the interface.Oscillations in the charge density profile, in particular, limit the value of the interfacial dipole, and increase the capacitance of the interface. Ion-ion correlations are enhanced in proximity of the metal surface, but retain the exponentially-decaying oscillatory form of their bulk counterpart.Diffusion is slower in the molecularly thin layer of ions next to the interface than in the bulk.The analysis of interfaces is completed by the computation of structural properties of bulk phases, and by the estimate of transport coefficients such as self-diffusion, electrical conductivity, and especially thermal conductivity, which is seldom computed by simulation. All together, the results of our simulations for homogeneous and inhomogeneous molten carbonates provide crucial insight on systems and properties relevant for advanced devices such as fuel cells, that, in turn, might play a prominent role in future power generation strategies.

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“…Indeed, to actually select the best molten carbonate system regarding CO 2 reduction, it is compulsory to take into account more physic-chemical parameters, such as conductivity, viscosity, kinetics at the electrodes and gases solubility (CO 2 , CO,. ), because they can be very different from one molten salt to another and play an important role with respect to CO 2 reduction [24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. For instance the solubility of CO 2 increases with increasing temperature in molten carbonates due to the formation of a soluble species (C 2 O 5 2À or CO 2 2À ) [10,29,31].…”

Section: Influence Of the Molten Carbonates Naturementioning

confidence: 99%

CO2 electrochemical reduction into CO or C in molten carbonates: a thermodynamic point of view

Chery

Lair

Cassir

2015

Electrochimica Acta

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Molten carbonate electrolytes: Electrical conductance, density and surface tension of binary and ternary mixtures

Cited by 58 publications

References 14 publications

Density, Surface Tension, and Electrical Conductivity of Ternary Molten Carbonate System Li[sub 2]CO[sub 3]–Na[sub 2]CO[sub 3]–K[sub 2]CO[sub 3] and Methods for Their Estimation

Density, Surface Tension, and Electrical Conductivity of Ternary Molten Carbonate System Li[sub 2]CO[sub 3]–Na[sub 2]CO[sub 3]–K[sub 2]CO[sub 3] and Methods for Their Estimation

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Metal/Molten Alkali Carbonate Interfaces

CO2 electrochemical reduction into CO or C in molten carbonates: a thermodynamic point of view

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