Molluskicides

Abstract

The Introduction has been considerably expanded to describe the phylum Molluska in more detail with respect to classification, biology, habitat, and damage to crops. The gastropods associated with human and animals are also briefly mentioned to complete the overview. In Chapter 2 Methods for the Control of Slugs and Snails in Agriculture and Horticulture the various methods available today to combat slugs and snails in agriculture and horticulture are described and the corresponding chemical and biological means are presented. Although some of the molluskicides are restricted in their use or even banned in Western countries they are included here because they are still in use in Developing Countries. The chemical compounds are presented according to their classification as pesticides. In the chapter “Toxicology” all available data relating to mammals and wildlife are presented rather than describing the toxicological profile of a compound, because the evaluations are still not harmonized worldwide, and would therefore lead to some potential problems for the reader. 1. Introduction 2. Methods for the Control of Slugs and Snails in Agriculture and Horticulture 2.1 Corrosive and Dehydrating Agents 2.2 Cultural Control 2.3 Biological Control 2.4 Chemical Control 2.5 Fumigants 2.6 Inorganic and Metal‐Containing Compounds 2.7 Organic Compounds 2.8 Newer Developments 2.9 Older Molluskicides 3. Toxicology 3.1 General Remarks 3.2 Inorganic and Metal‐Containing Molecules 3.3 Organic Compounds

Nano-scale Au supported on Fe3O4: characterization and application in the catalytic treatment of 2,4-dichlorophenol

“…Ni/SiO 2 [16,99] or Pd/C [14,13,93]) to remove sterically hindered Cl from the parent phenol(s). The catalyst system (Au/Fe 3 O 4 ) considered in this study promotes the transformation of aqueous 2,4-DCP (a common industrial waste stream [100]) into high-value 4-CP, a critical starting reactant for the synthesis of various fine chemicals [20][21][22]. The unique selectivity shown by Au/Fe 3 O 4 demonstrates the potential of HDC as a progressive means of waste recycling in the generation of targeted chloroarene isomers.…”

“…2,4-DCP, the model reactant in this study, is on the list of high priority pollutants requiring effective waste management [19]. A treatment that facilitates the controlled removal of the ortho-Cl substituent will represent a significant advance in toxic chloro-waste treatment, allowing the recycling of 4-CP as an important raw material in the production of fungicides [20], molluskicides [21], dichlorophene (used as antimicrobial finishing for textiles/paper) and fenticlor (for algae control in water circulating systems) [22].…”