Molluscan shell evolution with review of shell calcification hypothesis

Furuhashi, Takeshi; Schwarzinger, Clemens; Mikšı́k, Ivan; Smrz, Miloslav; Beran, A.

doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.07.011

Cited by 178 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 115 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

144

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Two models have been advanced for molluscan shell formation. The matrix model posits that mineralization occurs in a mantle-secreted matrix of chitin, silk fibroin and acidic proteins 35,36 . Chitin and silk proteins are proposed to provide matrix structure, whereas acidic proteins control the nucleation and growth of CaCO 3 crystals.…”

Section: Shell Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The oyster genome reveals stress adaptation and complexity of shell formation

Zhang

Fang

Guo³

et al. 2012

Nature

1,895

1,922

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas belongs to one of the most species-rich but genomically poorly explored phyla, the Mollusca. Here we report the sequencing and assembly of the oyster genome using short reads and a fosmid-pooling strategy, along with transcriptomes of development and stress response and the proteome of the shell. The oyster genome is highly polymorphic and rich in repetitive sequences, with some transposable elements still actively shaping variation. Transcriptome studies reveal an extensive set of genes responding to environmental stress. The expansion of genes coding for heat shock protein 70 and inhibitors of apoptosis is probably central to the oyster's adaptation to sessile life in the highly stressful intertidal zone. Our analyses also show that shell formation in molluscs is more complex than currently understood and involves extensive participation of cells and their exosomes. The oyster genome sequence fills a void in our understanding of the Lophotrochozoa.Oceans cover approximately 71% of the Earth's surface and harbour most of the phylum diversity of the animal kingdom. Understanding marine biodiversity and its evolution remains a major challenge. The Pacific oyster C. gigas (Thunberg, 1793) is a marine bivalve belonging to the phylum Mollusca, which contains the largest number of described marine animal species 1 . Molluscs have vital roles in the functioning of marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems, and have had major effects on humans, primarily as food sources but also as sources of dyes, decorative pearls and shells, vectors of parasites, and biofouling or destructive agents. Many molluscs are important fishery and aquaculture species, as well as models for studying neurobiology, biomineralization, ocean acidification and adaptation to coastal environments under climate change 2,3 . As the most speciose member of the Lophotrochozoa, phylum Mollusca is central to our understanding of the biology and evolution of this superphylum of protostomes.As sessile marine animals living in estuarine and intertidal regions, oysters must cope with harsh and dynamically changing environments. Abiotic factors such as temperature and salinity fluctuate wildly, and toxic metals and desiccation also pose serious challenges. Filter-feeding oysters face tremendous exposure to microbial pathogens. Oysters do have a notable physical line of defence against predation and desiccation in the formation of thick calcified shells, a key evolutionary innovation making molluscs a successful group. However, acidification of the world's oceans by uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide poses a potentially serious threat to this ancient adaptation 4 . Understanding biomineralization and molluscan shell formation is, thus, a major area of interest 5 . Crassostrea gigas is also an interesting model for developmental biology owing to its mosaic development with typical molluscan stages, including trochophore and veliger larvae and metamorphosis.A complete genome sequence of C. gigas would enable a more th...

show abstract

Section: Shell Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The oyster genome reveals stress adaptation and complexity of shell formation

Zhang

Fang

Guo³

et al. 2012

Nature

1,895

1,922

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This is achieved via membrane pumps and active transport across tissues. In molluscs the extrapallial fluid has a Ca 2+ concentration that is higher than seawater, usually by 15-25% (Crenshaw, 1972;Wilbur and Saleuddin, 1983;Furuhashi et al, 2009). This percentage is close to the maximum value obtained by us from the difference in salinity (13.75%) for R. venosa.…”

Section: Comparative Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecomorphological Analyses of Marine Mollusks' Shell Thickness of <i>Rapana venosa</i> (VALENCIENNES, 1846) (Gastropoda: Muricidae)

Bondarev¹

2013

ijms

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Shell thickness of Rapana venosa was investigated from ecologically different places of the Azov -Black Sea basin. In the formation of the shell thickness there are two major trends: thickening with age, and inversely proportional to the size of the thickening of even-aged individuals of the same population. Shell thickness formation was analyzed in connection with biotic and abiotic environmental factors of influence. R. venosa ontogeny is not conducive to the rapid succession newly acquired characters in local populations. The formation of a thick shell is mainly the individual response of bions to the environment. Individuals' of the same type reaction is the cause of formation of specific conchological characters of separate populations or parts thereof. Mechanical impacts (e.g. damage by breaking predators and storm waves hitting on rocks) have no significant effect on the increasing of thickness of shells. Comparative analysis of the thickness of the shell of R. venosa from areas with different salinity shows that the direct relationship between these parameters is absent. R. venosa is capable of forming its own salinity medium in the mantle cavity, which is different from the external environment. The main factor influencing the formation of a thick-walled shell is the amplitude of the temperature fluctuations in the locality.Shell thickness of R. venosa was considered as ecomorphological character in comparison with the same feature of shell-bearing mollusks from the World Ocean at different latitude zones. It is shown that high temperature gradient is one of the most important factors of forming a thick shell. The greatest show this intertidal species and ecomorphs of temperate and high latitudes, where the temperature gradients are most expressed.

show abstract

“…Moreover, biomineralization is a complex, biologically regulated process that requires energy (Digby, 1968;Palmer, 1983;Palmer, 1992;Wheeler, 1992;Day et al, 2000;Furuhashi et al, 2009). Susceptibility to ocean acidification varies among marine calcifiers, although most studied species show reduced biomineralization rates in response to elevated P CO2 (Doney et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive effects of salinity and elevated CO2 levels on juvenile eastern oysters,Crassostrea virginica

Dickinson

Ivanina

Matoo

et al. 2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

225

145

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYRising levels of atmospheric CO 2 lead to acidification of the ocean and alter seawater carbonate chemistry, which can negatively impact calcifying organisms, including mollusks. In estuaries, exposure to elevated CO 2 levels often co-occurs with other stressors, such as reduced salinity, which enhances the acidification trend, affects ion and acid-base regulation of estuarine calcifiers and modifies their response to ocean acidification. We studied the interactive effects of salinity and partial pressure of CO 2 (P CO2 ) on biomineralization and energy homeostasis in juveniles of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, a common estuarine bivalve. Juveniles were exposed for 11weeks to one of two environmentally relevant salinities (30 or 15PSU) either at current atmospheric P CO2 (~400atm, normocapnia) or P CO2 projected by moderate IPCC scenarios for the year 2100 (~700-800atm, hypercapnia). Exposure of the juvenile oysters to elevated P CO2 and/or low salinity led to a significant increase in mortality, reduction of tissue energy stores (glycogen and lipid) and negative soft tissue growth, indicating energy deficiency. Interestingly, tissue ATP levels were not affected by exposure to changing salinity and P CO2, suggesting that juvenile oysters maintain their cellular energy status at the expense of lipid and glycogen stores. At the same time, no compensatory upregulation of carbonic anhydrase activity was found under the conditions of low salinity and high P CO2 . Metabolic profiling using magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed altered metabolite status following low salinity exposure; specifically, acetate levels were lower in hypercapnic than in normocapnic individuals at low salinity. Combined exposure to hypercapnia and low salinity negatively affected mechanical properties of shells of the juveniles, resulting in reduced hardness and fracture resistance. Thus, our data suggest that the combined effects of elevated P CO2 and fluctuating salinity may jeopardize the survival of eastern oysters because of weakening of their shells and increased energy consumption.

show abstract

Molluscan shell evolution with review of shell calcification hypothesis

Cited by 178 publications

References 115 publications

The oyster genome reveals stress adaptation and complexity of shell formation

The oyster genome reveals stress adaptation and complexity of shell formation

Ecomorphological Analyses of Marine Mollusks' Shell Thickness of <i>Rapana venosa</i> (VALENCIENNES, 1846) (Gastropoda: Muricidae)

Interactive effects of salinity and elevated CO2 levels on juvenile eastern oysters,Crassostrea virginica

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About