Mollusca (Molluscs)

Abstract

Mollusca are comprised by about 120 000 species (80% Gastropoda, 15% Bivalvia) and thus is the second most diverse animal phylum occurring in all major environments except the aerospace. It is also the leading phylum concerning endangered and vulnerable species. Mollusca is bilateral (or secondarily asymmetrical) Protostomia (Lophotrochozoa). Though quite distinct, their diversity in all aspects of morphology, physiology, behaviour, genetics and ecology is remarkable. Most species are equipped with external spicules or shell (plates) and a foot, a mantle cavity with gills, a ciliary or muscular gliding sole (foot), a visceral portion with heart and excretory organs and alimentary tract with rasping tongue (radula). The body cavity is mesenchymate with a gonopericaridal coelomatic system. Development starts with a spiral cleavage, mostly followed by (often modified) a trochophore‐like larva. Most freshwater and terrestrial taxa show direct development, however. Both the phylogenetic position of the Mollusca among the Lophotrochozoa and the internal relationships of the eight extant classes still are under debate. Key Concepts Mollusca is the second most diverse phylum. Gastropoda (limpets, snails, whelks, winkles, slugs) comprise 80%, Bivalvia (mussels, scallops, clams, cockles), about 15% of the diversity of extant Mollusca. There is also a huge body of fossil record throughout all ages. Many continental molluscan species are critically endangered. Mollusca combines a quite strict body plan with tremendous variability in all aspects. The relationships between molluscs and mankind may be positive (food, jewellery and art, research models) or but negative (marine or agricultural pests, vectors of severe diseases).

Novel Marine Bioactives: Application in Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Pharmaceuticals

“…The classes of the phylum Mollusca include Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, Scaphopoda (tusk shells), Monoplacophora (circular shape body with a single, cap-like shell), Aplacophora (spicule-bearing, simple worms), and Polyplacophora (Chitons -flattened, ovoid, shell plate-bearing). Among all Mollusca species, nearly 95% belong to either gastropods (80%) or bivalves (15%), the most studied groups of molluscs, while the other classes are not much prevalent (Haszprunar, 2020). Figure 18 shows examples of species belong to the classes Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda.…”

Potensi Hama Pomacea canaliculata sebagai Antibakteri Terhadap Patogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae

“…Mollusca sendiri merupakan salah satu filum yang diketahui dengan baik dan (setelah Arthropoda) filum terbesar kedua pada kingdom animalia, memiliki sekitar 100.000 spesies yang masih ada dan sekitar 70.000 spesies yang telah dideskripsikan sebagai fosil. (Haszprunar, 2001). Selain image keong mas di pertanaman padi sebagai hama, Chellaram et al (2004) mengatakan mollusca yang berada di daerah laut merupakan sumber yang tidak dimanfaatkan dan dapat digunakan untuk mencari kandungan baru sebagai antimikroba.…”

MOLLUSCICIDAL DETERMINATION OF CERTAIN PESTICIDES AGAINSTMonachacartusiana (MÜLLER) IN DIFFERENT VEGETABLE CROPS UNDERFIELD CONDITIONS AT SHARKIA GOVERNORATE, EGYPT

“…Land gastropods contains snails and slugs are become ones of the most dangerous agricultural pests caused harmful damage to agricultural crops in different countries of the world (Barker, 2002;Speiser and Kistler, 2002;Flint, 2011;Baker, 2012;Schweizer et al, 2019). The importance of these snails for its fast dispersal and increased drastically in especially at last decades (Garthwaite and Thomas, 1996;Haszprunar, 2020), also for the damage caused by the snails which due to their feeding on crops vegetation and fruits, contamination by its bodies or by slime or feces that led finally to deterioration the quality and quantity of products (Iglesias et al, 2003 andHeiba, et al, 2018). Its mucous causes also unfavorable smell could prevent men and farm animals from direct feeding on crops (Sallam et al, 2009;Abo Zaid et al, 2021).…”