Molecules and nanoparticles in extreme homeopathic dilutions: is Avogadro’s Constant a dogma?

Bias in Homeopathy: Technical Note

“…Obviously this is a conceptual absurdum in the linear approach. Actually, the behaviour of a complex mixture of different phenolic and organic compounds in a water/ethanol solvent is highly complex and unpredictable and might change dramatically any consideration about how reaching the zero point (Chirumbolo, 2011).. Researchers should evaluate the concentration of the supposed active principle at any centesimal dilution performed throughout the whole process, rather than founding their conclusions on previous non revised quantitative calculations (Marzotto et al, 2014;Olioso et al, 2014).…”

Nanoscience Study of Homeopathic Medicine

“…It was first computed by J. J. Loschmidt in 1865, and has now been evaluated precisely. 7 It is deeply rooted in physics and chemistry, and there is no doubt or controversy about its existence. If 1 mol of a substance is serially diluted, in centesimal (1:99) scale, at 12th dilution the Avogadro limit is crossed.…”